莱辛美学思想与现实主义文艺
发布时间：2019-06-18 22:14
【摘要】： 启蒙运动时期文学和美学是一个重要的西方文艺学研究课题，莱辛作为德国启运动的杰出代表，尤其值得引起我们的关注。莱辛不是一个学院派的批评家，而是一个许下诺言并为实现诺言而勤奋写作的作家理论家，他的文学创作活动和理论实践，都是紧密结合德国现实要求、为唤起民族自我拯救意识、实现国家统一而展开的。与欧洲其他启蒙运动思想家相比，莱辛更加深刻地领悟了自柏拉图、亚里士多德以来西方文学创作和美学理论的精髓，将文学的社会责任和历史使命解说出来，是其成为利器，去扫除古典主义和贵族僧侣主义的颓废气息。莱辛之所以取得不凡的成就，是因为他坚持了现实主义的创作原则和精神，并把现实主义作为诗化哲学融入到他毕生的文学创作和批评实践之中，确立了一种美学范式——人本学的审美追求。 诗画关系是一个古老的问题。古希腊理论家早有阐述，但他们主要是从诗画相融相通的角度来论说的，中国古代文学家对此也有类似看法。到新古典主义时期，这种观点越来越使文艺成为宣扬封建帝王和贵族僧侣功德、粉饰现实，脱离大众的理论依据，不利于正在兴起的市民阶级文艺的发展。如何使文艺反映生活、适应现实需要，就成为启蒙思想家最为关注的问题之一，首先就必须突破诗画同一的传统观念，寻求诗画之分别，创建诗画分类学理论。莱辛从对象、媒介、方式和效果四个方面对此进行了区分：就对象而言，画适合于描绘空间中并列的物体，表现静态事物，，诗宜于表现时间中先后承续的动作；就媒介看，绘画使用线条、色彩之类“自然的符号”，诗运用语言之类“人为的符号”；就方式来说，画以形象诉诸人的视觉，较少借助于想象，诗以语言称述动作，须通过记忆与想象才能建构形象；画的效果是美，诗的效果是真实。莱辛并没有把诗画绝对对立起来，而是较辨证的解答了诗画转化的途径。实际上，《拉奥孔》在诗画分界问题上建构了市民行为主义策略。 古典主义悲剧是帝王将相聊以自慰的圣品，是封建贵族和僧侣主义意识形态的形象使者，它已不适应市民社会文艺发展的需要，只有把帝王将相从悲剧的神龛拿下，代之以市民大众作为悲剧的鲜活角色，才能建立起新的悲剧圆形。莱辛从市民悲剧的时代要求、亚里士多德的悲剧净化说诠释、悲剧性格和悲剧教育四个方面阐发了他的悲剧理念。在《汉堡剧评》里，莱辛还提出了艺术摹仿论，艺术虚构论，性格与环境依存论、艺术真实与历史真实关系论等具有启发性的美学命题。这些观点构成了莱辛现实主义戏剧美学思想主要的问题框架。 《拉奥孔》和《汉堡剧评》体现了现实主义的人道主义精神，都设定了艺术类型的审美原则以及破立结合的论理方法。 莱辛美学思想对现实主义的影响是深远的。西方自后启蒙运动，古典主义到近现代文艺都延续着一条现实主义之路，特别是19世纪下半叶的现实主义高峰，有力的印证了现实主义的巨大生命力。20世纪的现代主义、后现代主义即使想开辟新路，也是从对现实主义的反驳开始的，它们无法绕过现实主义的“魔圈”。中国现代性文艺实践，也没有忽略对莱辛的研究，正是启蒙的巨大感召力，才使得莱辛的魅力永存。
[Abstract]:The literature and aesthetics during the enlightenment period is an important subject of western literature and art, and Lessing, as an outstanding representative of the German opening movement, is of particular interest to our attention. Lessing is not a school critic, but a writer's theorist who makes a promise and works hard to achieve his promise. His literary creation activities and theoretical practice are closely combined with the German realistic demand, which is to arouse the national self-rescue consciousness and realize the national unity. Compared with the other European Enlightenment thinkers, Lessing has a more profound understanding of the essence of the western literary creation and the aesthetic theory since Plato and Aristotle, and explains the social responsibility and historical mission of literature as a sharp weapon. To sweep the decadent of the classicism and the nobleman. Lessing's remarkable achievement is because he insists on the principle and spirit of realism, and integrates the realism as the poetic philosophy into his life's literary creation and criticism practice, and establishes an aesthetic paradigm of the aesthetic paradigm. poetry and painting It is an old problem. The ancient Greek theoreticians have set forth early, but they are mainly from the perspective of the poetry and painting, and the ancient Chinese literature In that time of the neoclassical period, this point of view has made the literature and art a theoretical basis for the promotion of the feudal emperor and the nobleman, and it is not conducive to the rise. The development of the literature and art of the public. How to make the literature and art reflect the life and to meet the needs of the reality is one of the most important problems of the enlightenment thinkers. In that aspect of the object, the medium, the way and the effect, it is distinguished from four aspects: object, medium, way and effect: as far as the object is concerned, the painting is suitable to depict the side-by-side objects in the space, to express the static matter, and the poem is suitable for the continuous action in the performance time; and as to the media, the painting uses the line, the color, and so on. The "man-made symbol" of ", the use of a poem, or the like; in this way, the picture takes the image to the person's vision, less by the imagination, the poem is called the action by the language, it is necessary to construct the image through the memory and imagination; the effect of the picture is that It is true that the effect of the poem is true. A. The way of the transformation of the poetry and painting. The policy of the citizen's behaviorism. The classical tragedy is that the king will talk about the masturbation, and it is the image messenger of the feudal nobleman and the monastic ideology. It has not adapted to the need of the development of the public's social literature and art. Only the king of the emperor will come from the shrine of the tragedy. Take it and replace it with the public. The living character of tragedy can only establish a new tragic circle. The tragedy of Aristotle's tragedy is to be interpreted and tragic from the time of the people's tragedy. In the four aspects of Ge and Tragedy Education, his tragic idea is illustrated. In the
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2002
【分类号】：I01
本文编号：2501831
[Abstract]:The literature and aesthetics during the enlightenment period is an important subject of western literature and art, and Lessing, as an outstanding representative of the German opening movement, is of particular interest to our attention. Lessing is not a school critic, but a writer's theorist who makes a promise and works hard to achieve his promise. His literary creation activities and theoretical practice are closely combined with the German realistic demand, which is to arouse the national self-rescue consciousness and realize the national unity. Compared with the other European Enlightenment thinkers, Lessing has a more profound understanding of the essence of the western literary creation and the aesthetic theory since Plato and Aristotle, and explains the social responsibility and historical mission of literature as a sharp weapon. To sweep the decadent of the classicism and the nobleman. Lessing's remarkable achievement is because he insists on the principle and spirit of realism, and integrates the realism as the poetic philosophy into his life's literary creation and criticism practice, and establishes an aesthetic paradigm of the aesthetic paradigm. poetry and painting It is an old problem. The ancient Greek theoreticians have set forth early, but they are mainly from the perspective of the poetry and painting, and the ancient Chinese literature In that time of the neoclassical period, this point of view has made the literature and art a theoretical basis for the promotion of the feudal emperor and the nobleman, and it is not conducive to the rise. The development of the literature and art of the public. How to make the literature and art reflect the life and to meet the needs of the reality is one of the most important problems of the enlightenment thinkers. In that aspect of the object, the medium, the way and the effect, it is distinguished from four aspects: object, medium, way and effect: as far as the object is concerned, the painting is suitable to depict the side-by-side objects in the space, to express the static matter, and the poem is suitable for the continuous action in the performance time; and as to the media, the painting uses the line, the color, and so on. The "man-made symbol" of ", the use of a poem, or the like; in this way, the picture takes the image to the person's vision, less by the imagination, the poem is called the action by the language, it is necessary to construct the image through the memory and imagination; the effect of the picture is that It is true that the effect of the poem is true. A. The way of the transformation of the poetry and painting. The policy of the citizen's behaviorism. The classical tragedy is that the king will talk about the masturbation, and it is the image messenger of the feudal nobleman and the monastic ideology. It has not adapted to the need of the development of the public's social literature and art. Only the king of the emperor will come from the shrine of the tragedy. Take it and replace it with the public. The living character of tragedy can only establish a new tragic circle. The tragedy of Aristotle's tragedy is to be interpreted and tragic from the time of the people's tragedy. In the four aspects of Ge and Tragedy Education, his tragic idea is illustrated. In the
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2002
【分类号】：I01
【参考文献】
相关期刊论文 前1条
1 张黎;莱辛《汉堡剧评》成书的背景及其方法问题[J];外国文学研究;1981年04期
本文编号：2501831
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