“既然”复句的语义、语用研究

发布时间：2018-01-24 00:49

本文关键词： 既然因为因果复句　出处：《吉林大学》2013年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：推论性因果复句一直是汉语复句研究的重点之一，认为它是表示因果关系的一种重要复句形式，以“既然……就”为典型代表（以下简称“既然”句）。在北京大学现代汉语语料库中随机抽取1000例“既然”句，用“因为”对其进行替换分析，并根据替换结果进行分类研究，我们认为：“既然”复句并不必然表示因果关系，它只是强调某一客观存在，并且这一客观存在的事实是交际双方都必须承认的，是不以说话人或者主体的意志为转移的。在“既然”分句陈述客观事实的条件下，根据后一分句的句类，分为后一分句是问句形式的和后一分句是陈述句形式的两类。一般说来，后一分句是问句的，不可以用“因为”进行替换。以疑问句形式出现的还可以进一步分为一般性疑问句和反问句。一般性疑问句是作者对“既然”分句的继续讨论，偏句和正句之间并没有明显的因果关系，甚至是存在矛盾的，偏句表述某一客观已知的事实，正句表述还存在另外矛盾的事实，就此提问，用疑问形式引起读者对问题的思考。或者是用反问句，曲折地表达出说话人的意见和想法，该类偏句和正句的关系是最接近因果关系的，但不能就此说明它就是因果复句，该类句子从因到果更加具有理所当然的语气，所以，用“因为”不合适。以陈述句的形式出现。后一分句是陈述句的，所占比重最大。后一分句往往有表示情态特称的词语，如“想要，，一定，更，应该”等。还有一类是在“既然”句陈述事实，可以用“因为”做替换，他们在语法和语义上都可以接受，只是在情感上存在差别：使用“既然”我们可以明显地看出它含有顺理成章，显而易见之义。同时也能体会到无奈，吃惊，意外等情感态度，但是，如果使用“因为”则体现不出来。这是唯一可以替换“既然”的类。另外，“既然如此”也引起我们的注意，如果“既然如此”在前后分句的信息中是相关联的，“既然如此”就等同于“因此”。根据格莱斯的会话原则，我们知道肯定有言外之意。从语用上来说，“既然”句可以明确地读出作者的观点和态度，或表示愤怒，不满的语气，或表示消极语气，还可以表示积极语气。它们大多用“既然”强调了前一个分句所述事实的客观存在（不以说话人的主观意志为转移的），后一个分句表述在这个事实存在的条件下，存在着明显的矛盾的客观事实，从而表达了说话人的不满情绪。只要是在某一客观事实的前提下，必须承担义务或责任，就具有主观性，如果这种责任和义务是难以实现或完成的，这具有消极意味。第一章，主要分析概括了因果复句的研究成果。第二章，从语义的角度出发，根据后一分句的句类，首先将“既然”句分为疑问句—“既然”句和陈述句—“既然”句。本章主要对后一分句是疑问句的“既然”句进行讨论分析。第三章，该章主要对后一分句是陈述句的“既然”句进行替换归类，发现其替换条件。第四章，从语用的角度出发，根据“既然”句所表达的语气分为“消极语气”和“积极语气”两类。本文主要是根据北京大学现代汉语语料库的语料，用“因为”对“既然”句进行替换分析，希望发现“既然”和“因为”所表示的因果复句的差别。基于对汉语本体充分研究的基础上，为对外汉语教学提供参考。
[Abstract]:Inference of causal sentence has been one of the key research on Chinese sentence, said that it is an important form of complex causality, "since it is a typical representative." (hereinafter referred to as the "if" sentence in modern Chinese corpus of Peking University). Randomly selected 1000 cases of "if" clause, with "because" replacement of the analysis, classification and research, according to the replace results we believe that: "since" sentence does not necessarily mean that the causal relationship, it is just that one exists objectively, and this fact is the communication that both sides must admit, is not to transfer the speaker or the will of the subject. "Since" clausesstated objective facts under the condition, according to a clause of the sentence after the class, after a clause is divided into the form of a question and after a clause is two kinds of statement form. Generally speaking, after a sentence is asked Sentence, can not replace with "because". In the form of questions can be further divided into general questionsand rhetorical. General interrogative sentence is the author of "if" clause to continue the discussion, and no obvious causal relationship between sentences and sentences are partial, even contradictory, partial sentences express a certain objective known fact, zhenggouexpression is also contradictory facts, on this question, the reader to thinking about the problems with the question. Or use the form of rhetorical questions, indirectly reflect the speaker's opinions and ideas, the partial words and zhenggourelationship is the most close to the causal relationship but, it is not the kind of causal sentence, sentence from cause to effect more rational of the tone, so because I don't fit. Take the form of a sentence. After a clause is a statement of the accounts for the largest one. Modal clauses often have said the words, such as "want some more, should," and so on. There is a sentence in the "if" statement of fact, can be replaced with "because" to do, they are acceptable in syntax and semantics, but there is a difference in emotional: "since" we use you can clearly see that it contains a logical meaning. Obviously, also can feel helpless, surprise, surprise and emotion attitude, but if you use "because" is reflected out. This is the only way to replace "since" class. In addition, "so" also caused our attention, if "so before and after the clause information associated with it," so "is equivalent to" therefore ". According to Grice's cooperative principle, we understand there is implication.
From the pragmatics, "since" words can read the author's views and attitudes clearly, or anger, dissatisfaction with the tone, or negative mood, but also expressed a positive tone. Most of them with "since" emphasizes the objective existence of the preceding clause the facts (not to transfer the speaker the subjective will, after a clause) stated in the fact that under the condition of the existence of objective facts exist obvious contradictions, which expresses the speaker's dissatisfaction. As long as it is in the premise of a certain objective facts, must bear the obligation or responsibility, subjectivity, responsibility and obligation if this is difficult to achieve or complete, which has a negative meaning.
In the first chapter, the research results of the causal complex sentence are mainly analyzed and summarized.
In the second chapter, from the perspective of semantics, according to the sentence category of the last clause, we first divide the "ru" sentence into the interrogative sentence, the "ru" sentence and the declarative sentence "ru" sentence.
In the third chapter, the chapter mainly deals with the replacement and classification of the "since" sentence of the declarative sentence, and finds its replacement conditions.
The fourth chapter, from the perspective of pragmatics, divides the mood expressed in the "since" sentence into two types: negative mood and positive mood.
This paper is mainly based on the modern Chinese corpus of Peking University corpus, with "because" to "since" words to replace the analysis, hope to find "since" and "because" the causal difference. Based on the full study of Chinese ontology, to provide reference for teaching Chinese as a foreign language.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H146.3

【参考文献】