也谈“差不多”和“差点儿”

发布时间：2018-01-25 18:06

本文关键词： 差不多差点儿差点儿没VP 形义错配　出处：《西南大学》2013年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：“差不多”和“差点儿”作副词时,都表示“接近”义,但是,二者在实际运用中存在诸多不同。在前人研究的基础上,简明扼要地概括二者在用法上的不同之处。通过提取“差不多”和“差点儿”所搭配成分的语义特征,概括出“差不多”所搭配的成分具有等级性,“差点儿”所搭配的成分具有事件性。在此基础上,进一步探究“差不多”和“差点儿”存在以上不同用法的原因。首先,我们认为用法的不同源于语义的差别,通过借助前贤对“差不多”和“差点儿”语义研究的成果,解释二者用法的不同。其次,我们认为二者的最小对比项“不多”和“一点儿”的差别是“差不多”和“差点儿”用法差别所在。“不多”和“一点儿”在认知语义上存在差别,由于主观期望的不同,这两个都表示少量的语言单位凸显出的语义存在差异。与此同时,对实际语料进行统计,发现“不多”在句中多作谓语,谓词性较强,因而,在与“差”这个语素组合成词时,“不多”的语义易凸显,这印证了“差不多”这个词强调差距不大,从根本上讲是个肯定性的词语的结论；同理,“一点儿”在句中多作状语、补语、定语等附属性的语法成分,在与语素“差”组合时,词义不易凸显,相反,“差”的语义得以凸显,在“差点儿”这个词语的语义中占据主要地位,强调差距的存在,这与前人得出的“差点儿”大体上是个否定的词语的结论相一致。前贤对“差点没VP”的形义错配做出了许多建设性的研究,其中最主要的几家有沈家煊(1999)、江蓝生(2008)、袁毓林(2011)等。通过对其比较分析,指出各家存在的不足和有待研究的问题,我们倾向于江蓝生的解释,一方面其论证过程翔实、缜密,另一方面其概念整合与构式叠加的角度具有更广泛的解释力。同时,通过进一步探究整合发生的条件和机制,我们认为,整合产生的条件与言语中的口误有相同的心理机制,“差点儿没VP”的产生属于“截搭口误”这一类型。其形义错配产生过程大致如此：说话人脑中同时存在“差点儿VP(不希望发生的事情)”“没VP(不希望发生的事情)”两种语言形式,这两种语言形式大致上都表示事情没有发生,但是由于说话时心急而将这两种形式各截取一部分合在一起说出来,从而形成“差点儿没VP(不希望发生的事情)”这一格式。这一格式经过长期使用逐渐产生新的浮现意义——强调这件事情没有发生,表示庆幸、后怕的心理。
[Abstract]:When "almost" and "nearly" are adverbs, they both mean "close to", but there are many differences between them in practical application, on the basis of previous studies. By extracting the semantic features of the collocation of "similar" and "almost", we can conclude that the collocation of "almost" is hierarchical. The element of "almost" is eventful. On this basis, we further explore the reasons why "almost" and "almost" exist in the above different usages. First of all, we think that the differences in usage are due to semantic differences. With the help of the results of the semantic research of "similar" and "almost", the author explains the difference of their usage. Secondly. We think that the difference between "little" and "little" is the difference between "almost" and "nearly". There is a difference between "little" and "bit" in cognitive semantics. Because of the difference of subjective expectation, these two mean that a small number of linguistic units highlight the differences in semantics. At the same time, the actual corpus is statistically analyzed, and it is found that "not much" is often used as predicates in sentences, and the predicate is stronger. Therefore, when combined with the morpheme of "difference", the meaning of "not much" is easy to highlight, which confirms the conclusion that the word "almost" emphasizes little difference and is fundamentally a positive word. In the same way, the grammatical elements of adverbial, complement and attributive attributes of "bit" in sentences are not easy to highlight when combined with morpheme "difference", on the contrary, the meaning of "difference" is highlighted. It is consistent with the conclusion that "nearly" is a negative word, which occupies the main position in the semantics of the word "nearly" and emphasizes the existence of the gap. The former Xian has made many constructive researches on the form and meaning mismatch of "almost no VP", among which the most important ones are Shen Jiaxuan (1999) and Jiang Lansheng (2008). Through comparative analysis, we point out the shortcomings and problems to be studied, we tend to explain Jiang Lansheng, on the one hand, its argumentation process is full and meticulous. On the other hand, the angle of conceptual integration and construction superposition has more extensive explanatory power. At the same time, by further exploring the conditions and mechanism of integration, we believe that. The condition of integration has the same psychological mechanism as the slip of tongue in speech. The generation of "almost no VP" belongs to the type of "truncated slip of the tongue." the process of generating the form and meaning mismatch is roughly the same: there is "almost VP" in the spoken human brain. "No VP" Don't want to happen) "in two languages." These two forms of language generally mean that things have not happened, but because of the urgency of speaking, the two forms are cut off from each other and said together. The result is a "almost nothing VP" format. The format has been used for a long time to produce a new emerging meaning-to emphasize that this did not happen, to express the good news. After the fear of psychology.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H146

【参考文献】