“大半”和“多半”共时比较与历时演变

发布时间：2018-02-01 14:05

本文关键词： 大半多半共时比较历时演变　出处：《华中师范大学》2013年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：本文选取两个存在诸多相似点的词语——“大半/多半”进行“微观的分析”。已有研究主要集中在二者词性和意义等静态分析上,且存在诸多分歧；很少甚至没有涉及二者的共时比较和历时演变。我们试图运用词汇化和语法化等理论,将定性分析与定量统计、语法形式考察与语法内容考察相结合,先从共时平面对“大半/多半”的语义、句法和语用进行全面细致的比较以得出异同,再从历时角度对其演变进行细致梳理。通过共时考察,我们发现：语义上,“大半/多半”均有四种意义,但“大半1/大半2/大半3”具有明显强调意味,“多半1/多半2/多半3”则无,且“大半4”主观估量值大于“多半4”、委婉性不如“多半4”；句法上,二者在位置分布、搭配和功能上均较为灵活,但在具体用法上也有所差异；语用上,二者在句类选择上主要是陈述句、偶尔是疑问句和感叹句、基本无祈使句,且在使用语体选择上,“大半/多半”均可用于口语语体,但“多半4”相较“大半4”,更常用于口语语体。通过历时考察,我们发现：“大半/多半”均经历了由义为“过半数”的数词演化为义为“过半数、大部分”和“通常、多数情况是(这样)”的范围副词并最终演化为表示“大概、很可能”的揣测句子语气副词的语法化过程,即由客观计量义向客观描述义再向主观推测义转变的过程：然而,发生时间上,除语气副词外,“大半”均早于“多半”；“大半”的数词语义发生了泛化,“多半”则没有；最初共现连用时,“大半”是数词,“多半”则是临时短语；“大半”语法化路径有歧变,“多半”则是单一线性路径,没有歧变；相较于“大半”,“多半”没有程度副词用法阶段。二者的语法化动因均包括句法位置改变、语义泛化、使用频率的明显提高、主观化影响、隐喻机制作用和重新分析等；但相较于“大半”,“多半”的语法化认知动因还包括组块心理作用和类推作用。
[Abstract]:In this paper, two words with many similarities, "half / half", are chosen to carry out "microscopic analysis". The previous studies mainly focus on the static analysis of their parts of speech and meaning, and there are many differences. There is little or no synchronic comparison and diachronic evolution between them. We try to combine qualitative analysis with quantitative statistics, grammatical form and grammatical content by using the theories of lexicalization and grammaticalization. First, the semantic, syntactic and pragmatic aspects of "half / half" are compared from the synchronic plane to obtain the similarities and differences, and then the evolution of it is carefully combed from a diachronic point of view. Through synchronic investigation, we find that "half / half" has four meanings in semantics, but "most 1 / 2 / 3" has obvious emphasis meaning, "most 1 / half 2 / half 3" has no meaning. The subjective value of "half 4" is larger than that of "most 4", and the euphemism is not as good as that of "most 4". Syntactically, they are flexible in location distribution, collocation and function, but they are also different in specific usage. Pragmatically, they are mainly declarative sentences, occasionally interrogative sentences and exclamatory sentences, basically no imperative sentences, and in the choice of style, "most / most" can be used in spoken style. But Dudu 4 is more often used in spoken language than half 4. Through the diachronic investigation, we find that most / most of the numerals have experienced the evolution from "more than half" to "more than half" and "most" and "usually". In most cases, the range adverb of "(so)" evolves into a conjecture of grammaticalization of a sentence mood adverb that indicates "probably, probably". That is, the process from objective measurement to objective description and then to subjective conjecture: however, in the time of occurrence, except for mood adverbs, "half" is earlier than "most"; Most of the numeral semantics of "most" have been generalized, "most" is not; At first, "half" was a numeral, and "most" was a temporary phrase. "most" grammaticalization path has the ambiguous change, "the majority" is the single linear path, does not have the ambiguous change; Compared with "half", "most" has no stage of use of adverbs of degree. The grammaticalization motivations of both include the change of syntactic position, the generalization of semantics, the obvious increase of frequency of use, and the influence of subjectivization. Metaphorical mechanism and reanalysis; But compared with "half", the cognitive motivation of grammaticalization also includes the mental function of block formation and the function of analogy.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H146

【参考文献】