英汉中动句的类型学研究

发布时间：2018-03-14 07:39

本文选题：英汉中动句　切入点：语言类型学　出处：《湖南师范大学》2013年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：中动句就是“以主动形式表达被动含义的句式”。然而尽管它在各语言中的表达形式不尽相同,这样的句式却普遍存在于人类语言中,对它的研究也从未曾间断。前人已经从传统语法、生成语法和认知语法的角度对英汉中动句进行了较为细致的研究。然而,尽管这样的研究取得了很大的成功,它们却较多的集中在对单个语言中动句的研究或英汉中种动句的对比上而甚少涉及语言类型学。当代语言类型学,作为语言研究中的一研究路子或理论框架,试图通过跨语言的比较来揭示人类语言的共性。本文旨在探究英汉中动句成分共现蕴涵共性和语法等级。首先,本研究将在语言类型学的指导下,对英汉中动句做出研究,发掘英汉中动句的类型特征。而后,本文将从原型理论和图形-背景理论出发为这样的类型特征提供认知上的分析。研究方法上,本文将采取定量与定性分析相结合,以及语料库数据统计的方法对中动句进行跨语言的分析。本文的样本语料库共涵盖SVO、SOV、VSO语言共计66种：SVO型语言共计30种,主要为英语、汉语、德语、法语及少数民族语言,其中英语语料的2669个中动句来自825971个句子,汉语语料的2215个中动句来自154521个句子；SOV型语言共计33种,主要为藏语、达斡尔语、景颇语等少数民族语言；VSO语言3种,为阿眉斯语、布嫩语和排湾语。基于对以上例举语料的分析、统计,本文将从以下三个方面来阐明英汉中动句的类型特征。第一,对成分共现蕴涵共性的考察。在特定的语言中,中动主语与修饰语之间存在一定的共现关系,某些特定类型的主语如P可以与所有类型的修饰语共现,而某些特定类型的主语如M却不能不某一类型的修饰语如C共现。第二,对中动句主语语法等级的考察。在实际的语言使用中,中动句动词的施事是不出现在句法层面的,因而,对中动句主语语法等级的考察将在施事空缺的条件下进行。考察发现,英语中动句主语的语法等级为：P＞T＞L＞M,汉语中动句主语的语法等级为：P＞L＞T＞M＞TS。第三,对中动句修饰语语法等级的考察。考察发现,英语中动句修饰语的语法等级为：E＞W＞C＞D。汉语中动句修饰语的语法等级为：E＞W＞PM＞C。语言作为人类表达自我、实现交流的方式,与人类的认知之间存在着十分密切的关系,因而,对很多语言现象的解释在一定程度上必须借助人类的认知思维。中动句作为人类语言表达的一种方式,在认知上也必将有其存在理据,因此,本文将在原型范畴理论和图形-背景理论的指导下来对英汉中动句的类型特征做出一定的阐释。对英汉中动句类型特征的研究有助于语言学习者和使用者更好的了解中动句的特点,也在一定程度上为双语教学、对外语言教学、二语习得和英汉翻译工作提供了理论和实践上的支持,从而更好地方便语言教学、促进语言教学的发展和进步
[Abstract]:A middle verb is a sentence that expresses passive meaning in an active form. However, although it is expressed in different forms in different languages, it is widely used in human languages. The research on it has never stopped. Predecessors have made a more detailed study of English and Chinese verb sentences from the perspectives of traditional grammar, generative grammar and cognitive grammar. However, despite the great success of such studies, However, they mainly focus on the study of the verb sentences in a single language or on the comparison between English and Chinese verb sentences, and seldom involve the typology of language. Contemporary linguistic typology, as a research approach or theoretical framework in language studies, This paper attempts to reveal the commonness of human language through cross-linguistic comparison. The purpose of this study is to explore the generality and grammatical hierarchy of Chinese and English verb elements. Firstly, under the guidance of linguistic typology, this study will explore the typological characteristics of English and Chinese verb sentences. In this paper, the prototype theory and the graphic-background theory will be used to provide cognitive analysis for such type characteristics. In terms of research methods, this paper will adopt the combination of quantitative and qualitative analysis. The sample corpus of this paper covers a total of 66 kinds of SVO type languages, including English, Chinese, German, French and minority languages. Among them, 2,669 middle verb sentences in English corpus come from 825971 sentences, and 2215 middle verb sentences in Chinese corpus come from 154521 sentences / SOV-type languages, which are mainly Tibetan, Daur, Jingpo and other minority languages. Bunen and Paiwan. Based on the analysis and statistics of the above examples, this paper will illustrate the typological characteristics of Chinese and English verb sentences from the following three aspects. There is a certain co-occurrence relationship between the subject and modifier. Some specific types of subjects such as P can co-appear with all types of modifiers, while some specific types of subjects such as M cannot but one type of modifier such as C co-appear. In the actual language use, the agent of the verb in the middle verb does not appear at the syntactic level, therefore, the examination of the grammatical level of the subject of the middle verb will be carried out under the condition of the absence of the agent. The grammatical level of the subject in English is: P > T > L > M, and the grammatical level of the subject in Chinese is: P > L > T > M > TS. third, the grammatical level of modifier of middle verb is investigated. The grammatical level of the modifiers in English is: e > W > C > D. the grammatical level of modifiers in Chinese is:: e > W > PM > C. As a way for human beings to express themselves and communicate, language has a very close relationship with human cognition. To some extent, the explanation of many linguistic phenomena must be based on human cognitive thinking. As a way of expressing human language, middle verb sentence must have its own cognitive basis. Under the guidance of archetypal category theory and graphic-background theory, this paper will explain the typological characteristics of Chinese and English verb sentences. The study of the type characteristics of English and Chinese verb sentences will be helpful to the learners and users of English and Chinese. Understand the characteristics of middle sentences, To some extent, it also provides theoretical and practical support for bilingual teaching, foreign language teaching, second language acquisition and English-Chinese translation, thus facilitating language teaching and promoting the development and progress of language teaching.
【学位授予单位】：湖南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H146;H314

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