汉语被动句的施事凸显及其类型学意义

发布时间：2018-03-23 20:00

本文选题：被动句　切入点：被动标记　出处：《华中师范大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：本文通过考察现代汉语最重要的被动标记“被”,古汉语的三种被动标记,以及现代汉语方言中的被动标记,认为汉语被动句具有凸显施事的类型学特征。人类语言依照施事凸显度,可分为施事禁现型、施事允现型、施事凸现型和施事必现型四类,前两者又可统称为施事隐显型,后两者可称为施事凸显型。汉语是施事凸显型语言的代表。施事凸显型语言多以介词为被动标记,且多为话题型语言。汉语被动句凸显施事的特点可能是受汉语显赫的话题结构的影响。被动句是“施事背景化”这一核心语用功能语法化的产物,该语用功能在人类语言中还有诸多其他语法编码。除去绪论和结语,文章共分六部分。第一部分,探讨被动句的名和义,为其厘定范围。将被动句定义为：有形式标记的表被动义的结构。意念被动句不纳入考察范围。作格语言中也存在被动句。第二部分,历时和共时结合,研究“被”的相关问题。“被”在现代汉语中主要存在介词和助词两种用法,而介词用法是其稳定地充当被动标记的前提。第三部分,首先考察古汉语的三种被动标记。考察显示,凡凸显施事的标记,其存活时间都很长,也都至少在一定时期内有很高的使用频率；凡不允许出现施事,或施事地位很低的标记,最终都面临消亡的命运。随后简要探讨现代汉语方言中的被动标记。在很多方言中,被动标记后的施事均无法省略,这是汉语被动句凸显施事的有力证明。第四部分,探讨汉语被动句凸显施事的原因,认为这可能与显赫的话题结构的影响有关。第五部分,依据施事凸显度对人类语言进行类型划分,并略举各类型的语言。进而探讨施事凸显型语言的特征：以介词作为被动标记,注重话题。第六部分,探讨被动句的核心语用功能：施事背景化。该语用功能在句法层面表现为主语的降格。人类语言还有多种句法手段体现相同的语用功能,包括话题、焦点、主语删除、主语代词化等。这些手段与被动句互有纠葛,是同一语用驱动下不同的句法表现。本文注重类型学考察,包括跨语言、跨方言和跨时代的广泛考察,力争在更广的范围内,探索人类语言被动句的类型差异和汉语被动句的特点。被动句施事凸显度的差异,可以作为今后研究被动句的一个参项,尤其是类型学视野下的被动句研究。汉语被动句凸显施事的特征可能受到话题结构的影响,再次证明汉语话题结构的显赫性。对被动句核心语用功能的认识,可以解释为什么很多语言不存在被动句。
[Abstract]:This paper examines the most important passive markers "Bei", three kinds of passive markers in ancient Chinese, and the passive markers in modern Chinese dialects. It is considered that Chinese passive sentences have the typological characteristics of highlighting agents. According to the degree of agency salience, the human language can be divided into four types: the type of proscription, the type of permission, the type of protruding and the type of necessity. The former two types can also be called the implicit type of agent. The latter two types can be called agent protruding type. Chinese is the representative of the agent salient language. The preposition is the passive marker in the agent salient language. The characteristics of the Chinese passive sentence may be influenced by the prominent topic structure of Chinese language. The passive sentence is the result of the grammaticalization of the core pragmatic function of "contextualization of the agent". This pragmatic function has many other grammatical codes in human language. Apart from the introduction and conclusion, the article is divided into six parts. In the first part, we discuss the name and meaning of passive sentences and define the scope of them. We define passive sentences as the structures of expressing passive meanings with formal markers. Passive sentences with ideational meanings are not included in the scope of investigation. Passive sentences also exist in the language of case making. The second part, combining diachronic and synchronic, studies the related problems of "Bei". There are two kinds of usages of preposition and auxiliary word in modern Chinese, and the prepositional usage is the premise of using the preposition as passive marker stably. In the third part, three kinds of passive markers in ancient Chinese are examined first. The investigation shows that all the markers that highlight the agent live for a long time and have at least a high frequency of use for a certain period of time. Then the passive markers in modern Chinese dialects are briefly discussed. In many dialects, the agents after passive markers cannot be omitted. This is the Chinese passive sentence highlights the agent has the proof. In the fourth part, the author discusses the reason why the Chinese passive sentence highlights the agent, which may be related to the influence of the prominent topic structure. In the fifth part, the author classifies the human language according to the degree of agency salience, and discusses the characteristics of the protruding language: prepositions as passive markers and topics. In the sixth part, we discuss the core pragmatic functions of passive sentences: contextualization. This pragmatic function is shown as the demotion of the subject at the syntactic level. There are also many syntactic devices in human language that embody the same pragmatic functions, including topics, focal points, and so on. Subject deletion, subject pronoun and so on. These methods are intertwined with passive sentences and are different syntactic expressions driven by the same pragmatics. This paper focuses on typology, including the extensive investigation of cross-language, cross-dialect and cross-epoch, and tries to explore the differences in the types of passive sentences in human language and the characteristics of Chinese passive sentences in a wider range. It can be used as a reference for the study of passive sentences in the future, especially from the perspective of typology. The characteristics of Chinese passive sentence highlighting agents may be influenced by the topic structure. The recognition of the core pragmatic functions of passive sentences can explain why passive sentences do not exist in many languages.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H14

【参考文献】