论争与存在—文言的现代命运

发布时间：2018-04-04 17:50

本文选题：文言　切入点：白话　出处：《南开大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：近代以来,在西学东渐与民族危亡的双重时代主题下,中国整个思想文化体系与面貌都发生了巨变。其中“文言”渐趋“没落”,“白话”成为社会通行语言是影响最大的变化之一。汉语文的语言载体与表现形式的变革,直接影响人们的思想内容和思维方式,甚至在一定程度上决定了整个思想文化的变革。白话文成为社会主流语言一百年来,汉语文无论从内涵还是面貌都进入了一个崭新的时代。但另一方面,现代汉语文建设过程中一直争议不断。及至当代,国人母语能力的普遍下降与文学创作、语文教育所面临的各种困境越来越受到人们的重视,造成这种局面的原因也许不止一个,但如果从现代汉语文形成的源头与过程来思考,就不能忽视“文言”对现代汉语文所具有的特殊意义。要想在现代白话文语境下讨论“文言”的地位与价值,这就既需要回顾百年来文言在汉语文形成过程中的争议和境遇,同时也要考察文言在这百年来的实际生存状况到底如何。文言以及文白问题成为一个全社会关注的焦点,实际上是在五四白话文运动时期达到高潮的。在白话文运动时期,秉持不同文化理念和现代汉语文建设思想的学人们,大体上形成了以倡导彻底打倒文言而推崇纯白话的“白话倡导者”一派,和表示坚持以传统文言为基础进行语言改良的“文言守护者”一派。两派展开了激烈的争论,成为近代中国最有影响的一次大讨论。此后百年,两派流脉不绝,其争论也持续了一个世纪。在一定程度上,理清百年来关于文言和白话等相关语言论争,不但能够梳理近代以来的汉语书面语面貌变化的根源、脉络,还可以借此把握中国社会的思想文化倾向。以文言为核心角度去考察语言论争,首先我们要重新客观回顾、评价“文言守护者”们对文言性质与价值的观念和认识。在五四白话文运动高喊文言已“死”的呼声中,文言守护者基于对文学、文化理念上的不同理解,直接导致了他们与白话倡导者对文言性质定位的针锋相对。他们认为文言并没有死去,否认语言的阶级属性,认为文言在语文修习、艺术表现力等诸方面仍有其特定的价值和作用。但这并不是说文言守护者就像我们惯常认识的那样是反对文学革命的,事实上他们想通过改良中国文学来实现改变现代中国社会的初始目的,是与新文化倡导者一致的,区别就在于他们与白话倡导者的文化理念和改良措施不同。一般惯常认为五四白话倡导者是积极倡导白话、号召打到文言的,但实际上我们相对缺乏关于他们对文言的认识和表现的研究。通过对白话倡导者阵营内部意见分歧的考察,会发现他们有很大一部分人在理念上是很重视文言对现代汉语文建设的价值的。再者,通过考察新文学作家的创作实践与文言的关系,可以更加清晰的看出白话倡导者对文言实际的客观认识,以及对文言的复杂心理情结。除了重点考察五四时期之外,还要梳理五四之后直至新世纪对文言的争论以及对汉语特色新的认识和思考。文白之争并没有随着五四白话文运动落潮而结束,关于汉语书面语的面貌、发展以及相关问题的讨论持续了整整一个世纪,有很多因时代发展而出现的问题成为了新的讨论焦点。百年的讨论,既让人们不断对汉语书面语的过去和现状重新思考、咀嚼；更让我们逐渐摆脱了过去因模仿西方理论从而造成对汉语的片面化认识,转而开始认识汉语本身的特点,为汉语文研究和良性发展提供了基础。需要注意的是,尽管百年来关于文言的争论一直没有断绝,可文言在汉语文应用上从未真正消失过,它在社会各个领域以不同的方式存在着。在文艺创作方面,不但文言已经深入影响、融合进现代白话文之中,甚至旧体诗词和各式旧式文体的创作也仍然存在。在社会生活中,无论是公共领域还是私人空间,文言在各式应用文体中也都不同程度的发挥着其独特的作用。最后,文言在作为文化传承的语文教育中的变化历程也是耐人寻味的,近代以来文言教育随着整个教育体制的变革而逐渐衰落。而近些年来,文言及传统文化对母语教育的特殊作用越来越受到人们的重视,对语文教育中的文白比例、教学教法等话题的反思与讨论也逐渐走向深入。总之,考查近代以来百年,白话文逐渐成为正统语言过程中,文言与白话之间的互动过程；辨析在白话文为大势所趋的历史与现实中,主张和倡导“文言”价值和应用功能学说的理论流脉,并以当代眼光重新审视,从中发现和讨论对汉语文发展有益的理念；考察文言在现代语境下社会生存的实际状况；梳理文言在语文教育中的发展变化和理念探讨,对当下语文观念的新变和语文教育的改革予以思考。
[Abstract]:In modern times, the Chinese nation in the East and the dual theme of the times, the ideological and cultural system and China appearance has changed dramatically. The "classical" gradually "decline", "vernacular" has become a social common language is one of the biggest changes. Chinese language carrier and form change, directly affect people's the ideological content and the way of thinking, even to a certain extent determines the ideological and cultural change. The vernacular has become the mainstream of social language for one hundred years, Chinese from both the connotation and outlook have entered a new era. But on the other hand, the process of modern Chinese construction has been controversial. In the present age, generally with the decline of literary creation in Chinese native ability, and all kinds of difficulties faced by Chinese education more attention, the reasons for this situation may be more than one, but If the source and formation process from modern Chinese to thinking, we should not ignore the special significance of the "classical Chinese" of modern Chinese. To discuss the status and value of classical Chinese "in modern Chinese context, it will need to review hundreds of years in Chinese classical form in the process of dispute at the same time and circumstances, should also examine the practical situation of classical Chinese in this hundred years in the end how.
Classical Chinese and the issue has become a focus of concern of the whole society, is actually reached the climax in the 54 period of the vernacular movement. In the period of the vernacular movement, with different cultural ideas and modern Chinese Thought on construction of the people, basically formed to advocate completely knocked down and classical Chinese vernacular vernacular advocate "pure praise" school, and adhere to the traditional Chinese language as the basis for the improvement of "classical guardians" faction. Factions in debate, become a big discussion of modern Chinese most influential. After a hundred years, two stream. The debate lasted for a century. In a certain degree clear, one hundred years of classical Chinese and vernacular language related arguments, context root, Chinese written language can not only change the appearance of comb in modern times, but also to grasp the China social ideological and cultural tendency.
In the classical Chinese as the core point of view to examine the language debate, we need to re review the objective evaluation, "classical guardians of classical nature and value concept and understanding. In 54 classical Chinese vernacular movement has been shouting" dead "voice, the guardian based on classical Chinese literature, different understanding of Cultural Philosophy, direct lead them and advocate for the positioning of the vernacular classical nature. They argue that the classical tit for tat did not die, deny the class attribute of language, think in the language of classical Chinese learning, artistic expression and other aspects still has its specific value and function. But this is not to say that the classical guardian as we know it is against the usual the literary revolution, the fact that they want to change the initial purpose of modern society through the improvement of China China literature, is consistent with the new culture advocates, the difference was that they and the vernacular The advocator's cultural ideas and improvements are different.
The usual general think 54 vernacular advocate is advocated vernacular, call to classical Chinese, but in fact our relative lack of research on their understanding and expression of classical Chinese. Through the study of vernacular advocates camp internal disagreements, they will find that there is a large number of people in the idea is very great importance to the value of classical Chinese to modern Chinese construction. Furthermore, through the relationship between the creation and study of classical Chinese new literature writers, can more clearly see the vernacular advocate objective understanding of the classical Chinese practice, as well as the complex psychology of classical Chinese.
In addition to focus on the 54 period, but also carding 54 until after the new century for the Chinese debate on Chinese characteristics and new understanding and thinking. The dispute does not end with the 54 vernacular movement and the ebb tide, about Chinese written language features, discussing the development and related problems for over a century. There are many due to the emergence of era development problem has become the focus of discussion. The new discussion of hundred years, not only let people continue on past and current situation of Chinese written language to think again, chewing; let us gradually get rid of the past by imitating the western theory of Chinese resulting in one-sided understanding, to know the characteristics of Chinese itself, to provide a basis for Chinese language study and the benign development.
Note that, despite hundreds of years of classical debate has not been cut off, but in classical Chinese applications has never really disappeared, it in all areas of society in different ways. In literary and artistic creation, not only the classical Chinese has been deeply affected, integration into the modern vernacular, even the old style poetry and all kinds of old style still exist. In social life, whether it is public or private space, in a variety of applications in classical Chinese style there are different degrees of playing its unique role.
Finally, the classical Chinese is intriguing in the change course of Chinese education as a cultural heritage in the modern times, with the classical Chinese education education reform and gradually declined. In recent years, classical Chinese and traditional culture on the special role of mother tongue education attracts more and more people's attention, the Chinese education in the proportion of reflection with the topic of discussion teaching is gradually deepening.
In a word, examine the hundred years since modern times, the vernacular gradually became the orthodox language during the process of interaction between classical Chinese and vernacular vernacular; analysis of the history and reality of the represent the general trend of "classical Chinese", advocated the theory value and application function of flow pulse, and re-examine the contemporary vision, discovery and helpful discussion the Chinese concept of development from the study of classical Chinese; in the actual situation of social life in modern context; through discussion of classical Chinese in Chinese education development and reform ideas, new changes and the Chinese education on the current Chinese concept of thinking.

【学位授予单位】：南开大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H19

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