“突然”、“忽然”的比较研究

发布时间：2018-04-09 04:29

本文选题：句法分布　切入点：语义特征　出处：《哈尔滨师范大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：汉语的副词专门用来修饰动词、形容词，形容词的一部分也可以修饰动词，以往的语法分析，对于如何区分副词和形容词已经讲得很清楚了，但对于语义相近的副词、形容词做状语时的功能差异却尚未进行专门的、深入的研究。本文以“突然”、“忽然”为考察对象，在现有相关研究基础上，更加全面地考察了语言事实，并对《现代汉语词典》（第五版）所收动词、形容词进行了系统归纳整理，并在CCL语料库中进行逐一检索，，得到了具有足够覆盖面的可以直接受“突然”或“忽然”修饰的现代汉语动词词表（附录1）和形容词词表（附录2）。本文共分四章。第一章为绪论，简单说明了本文的研究内容和意义、相关研究现状以及语料来源。第二章到第四章为本文的核心内容。第二章先后考察了“突然”、“忽然”的修饰对象和句类选择的情况。通过分析语料，对“突然”、“忽然”在修饰对象和句类选择方面的一些异同情况做了详细描写。例如，从与其他词语的搭配上看，“突然”、“忽然”有共同之处，如它们都不排斥表示频率的时间副词，从时间轴上来说，“突然”、“忽然”通常用于过去，偶尔出现在将来时中，显著排斥现在进行时；二者也有相异之处，如“突然”与表示能力的“能1”和表示可能的“能2”的共现都比较常见，而“忽然”一般只与表示条件的“能3”搭配，且数量极少。从句类选择上看，“突然”、“忽然”多用于陈述句，一般不出现在祈使句中；而在疑问句、感叹句、反问句中，多数使用“突然”而不是“忽然”，如反问句，因其具有加强语气的作用，包含情感比较浓烈，与“突然”的语义具有很好的相容性，而“忽然”表示的意义一般都比较客观，便不适合出现在这样的句子中，即使有时出现，情感的表达不如“突然”浓烈，甚至导致句子可接受性显著降低。我们的考察中对于“突然”“忽然”与某些动词、动词短语组配并非完全对立的情况，进行了比较全面的定量分析，希望能够为认识二者分工的倾向性提供切实可信的证据材料。第三章寻找造成句法差异的语义差异。我们发现“突然”带有“瞬时、非规划性、意外、程度、转折/对比”语义特征；而“忽然”带有“瞬时、非规划、变化、方式”语义特征。“突然”和“忽然”都具有的瞬时、非规划性的语义特征是二者在某些情况下能够互换使用的语义基础；而二者的语义差异是造成它们不能互换或互换后意义变化较大的原因。文中同时对二者的语义差异对动词选择和句类选择的限制做出了解释。第四章主要讨论了“突然”的主观性。“突然”带有的“意外、程度、转折/对比”三个语义特征是造成“突然”、“忽然”语法差异的主要原因。而“突然”的这三个主要语义特征共同体现了它的主观性。也就是说，“突然”与“忽然”的语法差异主要是由“突然”的主观性引起的。第五章为本文的结语。该部分总结了全文的研究步骤和发现的一些规律。全文对“突然”“忽然”语义、功能的辨析、解释，综合运用了标记理论、认知语法等当代语言学理论、方法。附录部分给出了与“突然”、“忽然”组配的动词和形容词标注表，可为今后的相关研究及教学提供方便。
[Abstract]:Chinese special adverbs are used to modify verbs, adjectives, as part of the word can also modify verbs, analysis of grammar in the past, how to distinguish between Adverbs and adjectives have made it very clear, but for the semantic similar adverb, adjective as adverbial function difference has not yet made special, in-depth study in this paper,. "Suddenly", "suddenly" as the study object, the existing research on the basis of a more comprehensive study of the linguistic facts, and the "modern Chinese Dictionary" (Fifth Edition) the verb, adjective systematically collated, and retrieved in CCL corpus, is obtained. Adequate coverage can be directly affected by the "sudden" or "suddenly" modified verbs in modern Chinese vocabulary (Appendix 1) and list of adjectives (Appendix 2).
This article is divided into four chapters. The first chapter is the introduction, which simply explains the content and significance of the study, the status of relevant research and the source of the corpus.
The second chapter to the fourth chapter is the core content of this article. The second chapter inspected the "sudden", "modified object suddenly" and sentence selection. Through the analysis of the data, "suddenly", "did some similarities and differences in the modified object suddenly" and the choice of sentence types such as details. In other words, and collocation point of view, "suddenly", "suddenly" have in common, as they do not exclude the said time adverbs of frequency, from the time axis, "suddenly", "suddenly" is generally used in the past, occasionally appear in the future, there is significant rejection; two there are differences, the co-occurrence is more common as "suddenly" and said the "1 ability" and said the "2 may", and "suddenly" with only said that the conditions of "can 3" collocation, and the number is very few. Clause type selection, "suddenly"," Suddenly "is used for the statement did not appear in the imperative sentence; while in the interrogative sentence, exclamatory sentence, rhetorical question, the majority of the use of" sudden "instead of" suddenly ", such as the rhetorical question, because it has to strengthen the role of tone, emotional, relatively strong, has good compatibility with" suddenly "the meanings and the meaning of" suddenly "objectively, it is not suitable in such sentences, even sometimes, emotional expression as" suddenly "strong, even lead to sentence acceptability was significantly reduced.
In our investigation, we made a more comprehensive quantitative analysis of sudden "sudden" and some verb and verb phrase matching. We hope to provide credible evidence for understanding the tendency of division of labor between the two.
The third chapter is to find the semantic differences caused by differences in syntax. We found that the "sudden" with "instantaneous, non planning, accident, degree, turning / contrast semantic features; and" suddenly "with" instantaneous, non planning changes, "semantic features." suddenly "and" suddenly "is instantaneous, the semantic features of non planning is two based on the use of the semantic can be interchangeable under certain conditions; and the semantic difference between the two is the cause of significant changes in the larger they are not interchangeable or at the same time. After the exchange of semantic differences of the two verbs of choice and the choice of sentence types of restrictions to make an explanation.
The fourth chapter mainly discusses the "sudden" subjectivity. "Suddenly" with the "accident, degree, turning / contrast" three semantic features is the result of "suddenly", "the main reason for the differences in grammar. And suddenly" "the three main semantic features suddenly" reflects it is subjective. Said, "suddenly" and "suddenly grammar differences" is mainly caused by the "sudden" subjectivity.
The fifth chapter is the conclusion of this paper. This part summarizes the research process and some rules of discovery. The full text analyzes and interpretations of the meaning and function of "sudden" sudden ", and applies the markedness theory, cognitive grammar and other contemporary linguistic theories.
The appendix provides a list of verbs and adjectives tagged with "sudden" and "sudden" groups, which can provide convenience for future research and teaching.

【学位授予单位】：哈尔滨师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H146

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