《文始》研究

发布时间：2018-04-26 09:52

本文选题：《文始》 + 语源学　；参考：《复旦大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：章太炎先生《文始》一书是中国语源学史上的具有开创性意义的重要著作。《文始》以初文、准初文为系联基点,以声韵为经纬,在章太炎转注假借理论的基础上,运用“变易”、“孳乳”两大原则,将具有同源关系的字词系联在一起,从而展示出汉语词汇的规律性和系统性。然而长期以来,对《文始》的学术价值和历史地位,学界却是褒贬不一,且负面评价占主导。为此本文试图对《文始》进行全面考察,以期重新认识《文始》在语源学研究上的价值和贡献。全文共分为五章：第一章是全文的绪论。学界关于《文始》的负面性评价引起了我们的研究兴趣。我们梳理了章太炎生平概况及其在语言学上的贡献,指出章太炎既是清代古音学之殿军,又是现代“汉语言文字学”之鼻祖。《文始》的主旨在于“明语原”,其声韵根据为章太炎所定的上古声母二十一纽与古韵二十三部,其理论基础为章太炎的转注假借理论,并以“变易”、“孳乳”两大原则贯穿全文。我们梳理了学界围绕着初文、准初文的设立,《文始》的方法论,章太炎古音系统及音转理论等问题的争议,特别探讨了关于《文始》排斥甲骨文的问题,我们认为章太炎到晚年对于甲骨文态度已发生变化,开始承认刘铁云最早所得的甲骨并非伪造,其未吸纳甲骨文研究成果主要是基于章太炎的治学态度和学术背景。此外,我们讨论了《文始》版本、语音语义检验体系的选取及具体的研究步骤。第二章以《文始》中提出的“初文”、“准初文”为研究对象。我们对“初文”、“准初文”的定义予以了考辨,特别对第三小类准初文即所谓“声具而行残”形声字予以了质疑。继而首次全面准确地还原了《文始》中章太炎所谓的510个初文、准初文的完整面貌,并对其分布予以了研究。我们对初文、准初文的形体结构类型予以全面考察后,发现章太炎指明了类型的初文、准初文之中有11处类型分析有误。此外,从字形和字义角度,借助出土文献等材料考证出有18个不符合初文、准初文的标准,故最终符合标准有492个。在此基础上,制成了《文始初文、准初文表》, 第三章从语音和语义两方面来对《文始》九卷所系联的5910个字词进行语源学上的检验。经考察,我们发现其中具备语音通转关系的字词有5398个,占总数的91.3%。在语音筛选结果的基础上,我们再次用语义标准进行检验,剔除其中语义系联有误者,最终保留下来的才是语音、语义皆具有亲缘关系的同源字词。据统计,共有5157个,占总数的87.3%。由此可见,章太炎《文始》所系联的同源字词大多数还是较为可靠的。这也充分反映了章太炎倡导“形音义三,皆得俞脉”的方法论在《文始》中得以成功应用。第四章研究了《文始》同源字词的语义关系及语义派生类型,指出《文始》同源词之间的语义亲缘关系有语义相同、语义相反相对、语义相通等类型。《文始》语义派生类型则分为孤立式、连锁式、辐射式和综合式。第五章为全文结语。对全文提出的观点予以了总结。
[Abstract]:Mr. Zhang Taiyan's book "beginning >" is an important work in the history of Chinese Etymology. It shows the regularity and systematicness of Chinese vocabulary. However, for a long time, the academic value and historical status of the "beginning of the text" are not mixed, and the negative evaluation is dominant. Therefore, this paper tries to make a comprehensive survey on the beginning of the article in order to re understand the value and contribution of the "beginning" to the study of etymology. The full text is divided into five chapters:
The first chapter is the introduction of the full text. The negative evaluation of "the beginning of the literary world" has aroused our interest in research. We have combed the general situation of Zhang Taiyan and his contribution in linguistics, pointing out that Zhang Taiyan is both the palace of the ancient phonology of the Qing Dynasty and the ancestor of the modern Chinese language and philology. The theme of the "beginning of the Wen" is "the original of the Ming Dynasty". The sound rhyme is based on the twenty-three parts of the ancient consonant twenty-one and the ancient rhyme defined by Zhang Taiyan. The theoretical basis is the theory of Zhang Taiyan's transfer and false theory, and the two principles of "change" and "breeding" through the full text. We have combed the academic circles around the original text, the establishment of the preliminary text, the methodology of "the beginning of the article", the Zhang Taiyan ancient system and the theory of sound transfer. In particular, the issue of the issue of "beginning" and the rejection of oracle inscriptions, we think that Zhang Taiyan's attitude to oracle bone has changed in his later years and has begun to admit that the earliest acquired bones of Liu Tieyun are not forged, and that his research results on oracle bone inscriptions are mainly based on Zhang Taiyan's academic attitude and academic background. In addition, we discuss it. The selection of the phonetic semantic examination system and the specific research steps are discussed.
The second chapter is the research object of the "preliminary essay" and the "preliminary essay", which is put forward in the "beginning of the Wen". We have examined the definition of "the first text" and "the early text", especially the third category, which is called "the sound tool and the residual" of the phonetic characters, and then the first comprehensive and accurate reduction of the 510 beginning of Zhang Taiyan in "the beginning of the Wen". In this paper, the whole appearance of the early text and its distribution are studied. After a thorough investigation of the form and structure of the original text, we find that Zhang Taiyan pointed out the original text of the type, and there are 11 types of errors in the preliminary text. In addition, from the angle of character and meaning, there are 18 unconforms of incompatibility with the help of unearthed documents. According to the standard of the original text, there are 492 final conforming standards.
The third chapter, from the two aspects of phonetics and semantics, examines the etymology of the 5910 words in the "beginning of the text >" of the nine volumes. We have found that there are 5398 words with voice transfer relations. On the basis of the results of the speech screening, the total number of 91.3%. is tested again with the semantic standard to eliminate the semantic association. There are 5157 homologous words with kinship. According to statistics, there are 5157 of them, which accounts for the total number of 87.3%.. Most of the homologous words in Zhang Taiyan 's "beginning" are more reliable. This also fully reflects the methodology of Zhang Taiyan's advocacy of "form the sound and meaning of the three. It was successfully applied in the beginning.
The fourth chapter studies the semantic relations and semantic derivation types of "beginning > homologous words". It is pointed out that the semantic relationship between the beginning of the literary and cognate words has the same semantic meaning, the opposite meaning of the semantic and the semantic interrelated types.
The fifth chapter is the conclusion of the full text.

【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H139

【参考文献】