近代汉语复合趋向动词句法语义研究

发布时间：2018-04-27 16:28

本文选题：趋向动词 + 复合形式　；参考：《北京大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：趋向动词是表示位移主体与位移目标之间动态位置关系的动词,复合趋向动词是由客观趋向动词和主观趋向动词复合而成的,是汉语趋向动词系统中的重要成员,在汉语史上经历过一系列复杂的句法、语义变化。第一章“引论”认为：趋向动词在语义上是一类及物性不高、但又表示动态情状、动作性间于动作动词和性状动词之间的特殊动词,这一特点决定了趋向动词既可以单独做谓语核心又可以在主要动词后作趋向补语的共同句法表现。主观趋向动词“来、去”正是在后接于位移动词作趋向补语的环境中发生语义的虚化,从而失去位移的特征[M]而成为只表示主观位移方向[z]的成分,并在此基础上与客观趋向动词构成复合趋向动词,表示位移动作同时具有主观、客观[k,z]两方面的位移参照,这进一步丰富了汉语位移义的表达。由于复合趋向动词的“来、去”已经虚化,因此在句法上决定了它们不能后接处所宾语；同时,复合趋向动词从本质上讲即是一个动趋式,其“复合”的特性使客观趋向动词和主观趋向动词之间存在着句法的空位,从而形成显性式和隐性式两种类型的复合趋向动词。第二章“中古的复合趋向动词”从历时的维度说明了汉语趋向动词在中古时代汉语类型发生变革的大背景下,具备了共同的句法一语义特征而从位移动词中独立出来的历史过程；但此期的复合趋向动词使用并不多,只有零星的几例,可以说是复合趋向动词的萌芽期。第三章“晚唐之前的复合趋向动词”介绍了复合趋向动词发展初期的基本面貌,特别是复合趋向动词系统还未完备,“起d、上d”等词项还未出现;虽出现个别复合趋向补语的用法,但用例甚少,形式和语义都还很单纯。第四章“晚唐五代的复合趋向动词”讨论了主观趋向动词“去”的进一步成熟,以及复合趋向补语的进一步发展,同时根据语义结构关系的不同把动趋式分为“致移式”和“趋移式”两大类；但该期的复合趋向补语用例仍未达到丰富的程度,复合趋向动词系统也仍未全然完备,所以是复合趋向动词的进一步发展期。第五章“宋元的复合趋向动词”介绍了复合趋向动词在成熟阶段的各种复杂用法和句式,特别是复合致移式中,在动补结构发生“VOC”向“VCO”归并的语序调整大背景下,复合致移式"VODd"的D开始前移,并产生"VDOd"以及过渡形式"VDODd";该期的复合趋向动词系统格局完备,用例甚夥,结构复杂,是复合趋向动词的成熟期。第六章“明清的复合趋向动词”描写了明代极为纷繁多样的复合趋向动词用法,并从比较的角度重点探讨了"DdL"、"VDODd"、"VDdO"等结构；特别是本期新产生的"VDdO",标志着自宋代以来趋向补语前移的最终完成,同时也奠定了汉语趋向动词的最终格局；所以,该期是复合趋向动词的完全成熟期。最后是结语,认为趋向动词在语义上表示非动作的动态情状,以及复合趋向动词在形式上的“复合”特点,决定了它在历史上和现代汉语中丰富多样的句法、语义表现。
[Abstract]:The tendency verb is a verb which represents the dynamic positional relationship between the displacement subject and the displacement target , which is composed of an objective tendency verb and a subjective tendency verb . It is an important member of the Chinese tendency verb system .
At the same time , the complex tendency verbs are in essence a moving direction . The characteristic of " compound " makes the objective tendency verbs and the subjective tendency verbs have the syntactic vacancy , thus forming the dominant and implicit two types of complex tendency verbs . The second chapter " The Chinese ancient composite tendency verbs " from the diachronic dimension illustrates the Chinese tendency verbs in the middle and ancient times the Chinese type has changed the large background , has the common syntactic and semantic features , and from the displacement verb the history process of independence ;
In chapter 3 , the complex tendency verbs in the late Tang Dynasty describe the basic features of the development of the complex tendency verbs , especially the complex tendency verbs system , but the use cases are very few , the form and the semantics are simple .
In chapter 5 , the complex tendency verbs in the Song Dynasty describe the complex usage and the sentence patterns of the complex tendency verbs . In the fifth chapter , the complex tendency verbs of the Song Dynasty introduced the complex tendency verbs in the mature period .
In particular , the newly generated " VDdO " in the current period marks the final completion of the forward movement of the Chinese trend since the Song Dynasty , and the final pattern of Chinese tendency verbs is also laid .
Therefore , this period is the complete maturity of the complex tendency verbs . Finally , the conclusion is that the tendency verbs represent the dynamic state of the non - action in semantics , and the " composite " characteristics of the complex tendency verbs in the form , which determines its rich and diverse syntax and semantic representation in history and modern Chinese .

【学位授予单位】：北京大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H146

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