明清八股文程式研究

发布时间：2018-05-05 13:23

本文选题：八股文程式 + 篇章结构　；参考：《华东师范大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：“程式”的说法在古代是由来已久,其基本的意义为“法式”或者“特定的格式”。八股文从明初定形后,发展数百年,形成相对固定的程式,也成为历代所批判的对象。本文所研究的八股文的“程式”基本意义为八股文篇章构成的“法式”与“格式”,包括篇章整体和局部的谋篇布局之法,八股文的程式结构核心是在于由上至下的统帅(确定主题的“篇”制约“章”、“章”制约“股”、“股”制约“句”、“句”制约“字”)及每个部分内部的语义、逻辑紧密勾连,至于如何统帅和勾连则因题、因人而异,以变化无穷,引人入胜为佳。因此本文以为程式之法应该由“审题命意”、“篇章句字”、“起承转合”之法构成。本文同样也将兼顾考察在八股文文献及评点中的“格”、“式”、“格式”、“程式”、“文法”(文法：“为文之法”,古代指文章局部遣词造句和整体的谋篇布局)、“技法”等许多的概念混用的状况,以尽可能合乎在八股文程式创作与批评的实际情况。虽然对于八股文的渊源说法不一,但是如果以八股文的“程式”结构为考察的起点,古文或者说文章学中“论”体是远源,近源则是律赋。八股文的“程式”应该被理解或者定位为古代发展至极致的一种篇章组织方式,是上千年文章学论述文结构的集大成者,虽限制颇多,但在文章的组织中仍不乏可取之处,甚至可以认为此种程式对初学读或者写文章的人理清思路大有益处。在许多的八股文献中对“程式”也多有描述,如归有光《归震川先生论文章体则》、武之望《举业卮言》、刘熙载《艺概·经义概》等,表现了明清时期的文人对相关理论的理解和重视。而对八股文“程式”的分析将从三个方面着手：“审题命意”、“篇章句字”和“起承转合”。一方面八股文强调行文间起承转合之机轴,重视义理的连贯性,可以说把古代文章学中“篇章之法”发扬到极致,而从立意到成篇、再到字句的斟酌和连贯的分析是文章学分析篇章之要领；另一方面从最初的审题命意到写作时的篇章句字和结构中的起承转合关系也是八股文写作时构思内容及基本步骤所在。此外,本文将把八股文的程式逻辑与西方的非形式论证逻辑进行对比。毫无疑问这是一个崭新的话题,希望可以以客观且全新的眼光来了解蕴含在八股文中的逻辑思想和理念,继而对其所折射的中国传统文化和思维的特质有更深的理解。最后,本文以为八股文“程式”的应用意义在于其美学及教学法意义。此种“程式”结构的产生并非空穴来风,中国传统的艺术形式大都是通过立“意”来统领全局,在文章学上则篇章形式里的立意,各个局部的安排都在“意”的统摄下有机而非割裂地加以措置,有意味的形式经过多方面和长时期积淀,成为一定模式,为各种门类艺术所遵循,久而久之形成一种美学的范式和要求。而八股文“程式”对现代篇章结构意义深远,也有助于语文作文的的教学。因为“蒙学”的作文教学看似为科举服务,但是实际却是基于汉字基本特征而进行的文字启蒙的教育,从“字”、“句”、“对”到“章”、“篇”,把握汉字、音韵、篇章结构的特点而进行的教育,而这也是研究八股文“程式”的现代意义所在。
[Abstract]:The term "program" has a long history in ancient times. Its basic meaning is "French" or "specific format". The eight shares of the text have been developed for hundreds of years from the early Ming Dynasty to form a relatively fixed program, and have become the object of criticism in the past dynasties. The basic meaning of the "program" of the eight shares of this article is the "eight text text". "French" and "format", including the whole and the local layout of the layout of the text, the core of the program structure of the eight essays lies in the commander-in-chief from the top to the bottom (the "chapter" that determines the theme is restricted "the chapter", "the chapter" restricts the "stock", "the share" restricts the "sentence", "the sentence" restricts the "word") and the internal semantics of each part, and the logic closely connects closely. In this paper, the method of programming should be made up of the method of "examining the meaning of the question", "the text of a text" and "taking up the combination". This article will also take into account the "lattice", "style", "format", "format" and "program" in the eight text documents and comments. "", "grammar" (Grammar: "the law of the text", the ancient point refers to the part of the article and the overall layout of the article), the "technique" and many other concepts mixed with the situation, as far as possible in accordance with the actual situation of eight styles of writing and criticism.
Although the origin of the eight essays is different, if the "program" structure of the eight strands is the starting point of the study, the "theory" in the ancient Chinese or the essays is far from the source, and the near source is the law Fu. The "program" of the eight strands should be understood or positioned as an ancient style of textual organization in the ancient development, which is the last thousand years of essays. Although there are many restrictions on the structure of the text, there are still some advantages in the organization of the article, and it may even be considered to be of great benefit to the people who have learned to read or write. In many of the eight documents, there are many descriptions of the "program", such as returning to the light of the article and the view of Wu. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the literati expressed their understanding and attention to the related theories.
On the other hand, the analysis of the "program" of the eight - share text will start from three aspects: "the meaning of the question", "the text of a text" and "the connection". On the one hand, the eight shares of the text emphasize the axis of the integration of the text, and attach importance to the coherence of the sense of justice, and it is possible to carry forward the "text method" in the ancient essays to the extreme, and from the intention to the text, and then to the word. The consideration and continuous analysis of sentences is the key to the analysis of text. On the other hand, from the original meaning of the question to the writing, the connection between the text and the structure of the writing is also the content and basic steps of the eight essay writing.
In addition, this article will compare the programming logic of the eight essays with the Western non formal argument logic. No doubt it is a new topic. It is hoped that the logic and ideas contained in the eight strands can be understood objectively and completely, and then the characteristics of the Chinese traditional culture and thinking reflected by them are deeper. Solution.
Finally, this paper thinks that the application meaning of "program" in the eight part of the "program" lies in its aesthetic and pedagogy significance. In the form of organic rather than fragmentary place, the form has become a certain pattern through many aspects and long periods of accumulation, which is followed by various types of art and forms an aesthetic paradigm and requirement for a long time. The eight - strand "program" has a profound meaning to the modern text structure and helps the teaching of Chinese composition. The teaching of composition seems to serve the imperial examination, but it is actually an education based on the basic characters of Chinese characters, from "word", "sentence", "to" to "chapter", "text", to grasp the characteristics of Chinese characters, phonology and textual structure, which is also the modern significance of the study of the "program" of the eight shares of the text.

【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H15

【参考文献】