汉语九方言单韵母和鼻韵母声学实验研究

发布时间：2018-05-11 14:12

本文选题：九方言 + 单韵母　；参考：《南京师范大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：本文运用声学实验的方法研究太原、西安、绩溪、温州、长沙、南昌、梅县、广州、福州单韵母和鼻韵母,借助Praat软件提取韵母的共振峰数据和时长数据进行分项研究,作韵母模式图与时长柱状图。用元音分化指数和元音稳定指数对单韵母作以下音质分析：(1)单元音音质的同或异；(2)同质元音的稳定度。九方言单韵母音质分析结论如下：(1)单韵母音质可分为稳定型、准稳定型、不稳定型、准分化型、分化型。(2)西安韵母o已分化为异质的复合元音,九方言其余单韵母都属同质元音。(3)在准稳定型和准分化型的单韵母中,多数是F1离散度较大,处于不稳定状态或处于分化中状态。单韵母时长最长的基本集中于舌位较高的韵母i、y、η、u。太原、西安、绩溪、温州、长沙、南昌、福州的单韵母时长变化与舌位高低没有显著关系,广州、梅县单韵母时长与舌位高低大体成正比。鼻韵母共振峰模式图直观展示了韵母的动态变化。比较单鼻化韵母和相应的非鼻化单韵母、带韵头鼻化韵母与相应的单鼻化韵母,得到以下结论：(1)绩溪韵母o舌位降低并前移,F1不稳定、F2已分化,o处于分化过程中。鼻化使长沙方言相对低而前的韵母([(?)])舌位降低并后移,使相对高而后的韵母([o])舌位升高并前移。(2)韵头对韵腹有顺同化影响。韵头i、u、y对韵腹F1的影响因各韵母韵腹(如鼻化元音(?)、e、o)舌位的高低不同而不同；对各韵腹F2的影响较一致：韵头i、y使韵腹的舌位前移、u使韵腹舌位后移。比较鼻韵母韵腹与用相同元音的单韵母,探讨韵腹与韵尾之间的关系并归纳九方言鼻韵尾m、n、D的F1、F2频率范围区别值。主要结论有：(1)鼻尾对其前面的元音有逆同化作用。鼻尾对不同的元音产生不同的影响,不同的鼻尾对元音也有不同的影响。η尾除绩溪外各方言都有,它对韵腹的影响主要有：使元音舌位降低并前移、降低并后移、升高并前移、前移、后移。n尾出现在长沙、南昌、梅县、广州方言中,它对韵腹的影响主要有：使元音舌位降低并前移、降低并后移、升高并前移、升高并后移、前移、后移。m尾只出现在梅县和广州方言中,它对韵腹的影响主要有：使元音舌位降低并前移、降低并后移、升高并后移。(2)九方言鼻尾m、n、η的F1、F2频率范围：m尾F1、F2基本在200-300Hz、1000-1200Hz,n尾F1、F2基本在300-400Hz、1300-1500Hz,η尾F1、F2基本在300-400Hz、1000-1300Hz。300Hz是m与n、η的F1频率区别值,1300Hz是n与m、η的F2频率区别值。(3)福州韵母*εiη、auη的韵尾受前面元音i、u的影响较大。两韵母的鼻尾时长都只有60多ms,非常短促,共振峰和时长数据显示两韵母的鼻尾正在消失,鼻尾的鼻音属性移至元音,使之逐渐成为鼻音化元音。韵腹是韵母结构中最响亮、也是最重要的元音,但九方言韵母时长数据显示,韵腹时长与其结构地位并不完全呈正比,各韵母结构成分的时长比例各有参差。韵腹时长有长、中、短三类,韵头、韵腹也有这三类。由此可知,时长比是韵母构造的另一语音手段,[音质+时长]构成韵母,本文称作韵母时长音质模型。九方言音质模型如下： (1)鼻化韵母：短/元(音)-长/鼻(化元音)、中/元-中/鼻； (2)VN韵母：长/元(音)-短/鼻(辅音)、短/元-长/鼻、中/元-中/鼻, (3)VVN韵母：短/元(音)-长/元-短/鼻(辅音)、中/元-长/元-中/鼻、长/元-短/元-短/鼻、短/元-短/元-长/鼻、中/元-中/元-短/鼻、中/元-中/元-长/鼻、中/元-短/元-中/鼻、中/元-中/元-中/鼻。
[Abstract]:In this paper, the acoustic experiment method is used to study Taiyuan, Xi'an, Jixi, Wenzhou, Changsha, Nanchang, Meixian, Guangzhou, Fuzhou single vowel and nasal vowel, using Praat software to extract the resonant peak data of the vowel and the time length data, and make the vowel pattern and the long columnar pattern.
Using vowel differentiation index and vowel stability index to make the following sound analysis of single vowel: (1) the same or different unit sound quality; (2) homogeneity vowel stability. Nine dialect single vowel sound analysis conclusions are as follows: (1) the single vowel sound can be divided into stable, quasi stable, unstable, quasi differentiation, differentiation. (2) the vowel o of Xi'an has been differentiated into Heterogenous vowels, the remaining single vowels of nine dialects belong to homogenous vowels. (3) in the quasi stable and quasi differentiated mono vowels, most of them are F1 discrete, in an unstable state or in a state of differentiation.
The longest length of the single vowel is mainly concentrated on the high lingual I, y, ETA, U. Taiyuan, Xi'an, Jixi, Wenzhou, Changsha, Nanchang, Fuzhou, and there is no significant relationship between the length of the single vowel and the height of the tongue, and the length of the single rhyme of Meixian is directly proportional to the height of the tongue.
The resonance peak pattern map of the nasal vowel intuitively shows the dynamic changes of the vowel. Compared with the monononnosed vowels and corresponding non nasal consonants, the rhyme nose vowels and the corresponding mononasal vowels are compared. (1) the tongue position of Jixi vowel o is reduced and forward, F1 is unstable, F2 has been differentiated, and O is in the process of differentiation, and the nasal dialects relative to the dialect of the vowel are relative to the dialect. Lower and anterior vowels ([(?])) the tongue position decreased and moved back to the higher and later vowel ([o]) tongue position to rise and move forward. (2) the rhyme had an assimilation effect on the rhyme. The effect of rhyme I, u, and Y on the lingual F1 was different from the height of the lingual vowel (such as nasal vowel (?), e, O); the influence on each rhyme F2 was more consistent: rhyme I, y made the rhyme. The position of the tongue moves forward, and u changes the position of the lingual tongue.
Comparing the rhyme of the nasal vowel with the single vowel with the same vowel, the relationship between the rhyme and the rhyme is discussed and the difference values of the nine dialects m, N, D F1 and F2 frequency range are summed up. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) the nose tail has the inverse assimilation effect on the vowel in front of it. The nose tail has different effects on different vowels, and the different nasal tails have different vowels to different vowels. The influence of the ETA, except for all dialects in Jixi, has the main influence on the rhythm of the rhyme: it reduces and moves forward, reduces and moves forward, rises and moves forward, moves forward, and moves forward.N in Changsha, Nanchang, Meixian and Guangzhou dialect, which mainly affects the vowel tongue position to decrease and move forward, reduce and move back, and move forward, The rise and post shift, forward shift, and post shift.M tail only appear in Meixian and Guangzhou dialect, its effect on the rhythm of the rhyme is mainly: making the vowel tongue position decreasing and moving forward, reducing and moving back, increasing and moving back. (2) the nine dialect nose tail m, n, F1, F2 frequency range: m tail F1, F2 basically in 200-300Hz, 1000-1200Hz, n tail F1. F1, F2 is basically in 300-400Hz, 1000-1300Hz.300Hz is the F1 frequency difference between M and N, the 1300Hz is the difference value between N and m, and the F2 frequency of the 1000-1300Hz.300Hz. (3) the vowel of the Fuzhou vowel is influenced by the front vowel. The end of the nose is only more than 60, very short, the resonance peak and the time length data show that the nose tail of two vowels is disappearing. Nose is disappearing, nose is disappearing, nose is disappearing, nose is disappearing, nose is disappearing, nose is disappearing, nose is disappearing, nose is disappearing, nose is disappearing, nose is disappearing, nose is disappearing, nose is disappearing, nose is disappearing, nose is disappearing, nose is disappearing, nose is disappearing, nose is disappearing, nose is disappearing, nose is disappearing, nose is disappearing, nose is disappearing, nose is disappearing, nose is disappearing, nose is disappearing, nose is disappearing, nose is disappearing, nose is disappearing, nose is disappearing, nose is disappearing, nose is disappearing, nose is disappearing, nose is disappearing, nose is disappearing, nose is disappearing, nose is disappearing, nose is disappearing, nose is disappearing, nose is disappearing, nose is disappearing, nose is disappearing, nose The nasal attributes of the tail move to vowels, making them gradually become a nasal vowel.
The rhyme is the loudest and most important vowel in the structure of the vowel, but the length of the nine dialect rhyme shows that the length of the rhyme is not exactly proportional to its structural status, and the length of the structure of the vowels is different. The length of the rhyme is long, medium, short, three, rhyme, and rhyme, as well as the three types. Another way of speech is "tone quality + duration" to form vowels. This is called the vowel duration sound quality model. Nine the dialect sound quality model is as follows:
(1) nascent vowels: short / yuan (voice) - long / nasal (Hua Yuanyin), medium / yuan - middle / nasal;
(2) VN Finals: long / yuan (voice) - short / nasal (consonant), short / yuan - long / nose, medium / yuan - middle / nose.
(3) VVN vowel: short / yuan (sound) - long / yuan short / nose (consonant), medium / meta long / meta / nose, long / yuan short / yuan short / nose, short / meta short / yuan / nose, medium / meta / meta short / nose, medium / meta / Yuan Long / nose, medium / meta / yuan / medium / nose, medium / meta / medium / meta / nose.

【学位授予单位】：南京师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H17

【参考文献】