现代汉语程度范畴表达方式研究

发布时间：2018-05-21 15:13

本文选题：程度范畴 + 程度副词　；参考：《吉林大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：程度范畴在现代汉语中有多种表现形式，包括：词汇层面，如状态形容词、含有程度义的词语、固定短语；语法层面，如重叠、程度状语、程度补语、含有程度义的框架结构、某些特定句式；语用层面，如语气。其中程度副词和程度补语是最为重要的两种表达方式。作状语的程度副词是现代汉语中表达程度量的最主要的方式。程度副词作为汉语程度量的语法标记成分，具有语义模糊、语义指向单一、功能粘着性强、分布定位性强等特点。我们认为语义上表示程度量，放在形容词（包括部分动词、名词）前作状语是其区别于其他副词的本质特征。以此为标准我们共筛选出101个程度副词。并从程度等级、感情色彩、语体色彩等不同的角度对程度副词进行了全方位的分类。程度副词以状语的身份修饰性质形容词、状态形容词、心理动词、一般动词及其短语，还可以修饰部分名词，将这些中心语所含有的性状义加以量化。程度副词与其所修饰的中心语之间存在双向选择关系，这种选择既受到程度等级的影响，又受双方的感情色彩、语体色彩的制约，有的还受到音节数目的限制。一般说来，高量级的程度副词在与中心语搭配的时候表现出更大的自由度；“有点儿”、“稍微”有明显的感情色彩倾向性；搭配双方语体色彩要保持和谐一致。程度副词作为一个封闭的类，其内部成员的地位并不平等，有典型和非典型之分，各个成员的功能不尽相同。同时这个系统也具有其开放性，不断地吸收新鲜血液。具体到程度副词个体，它们在语义、句法分布、句式选择方面各有特点。程度补语是现代汉语表达程度量的另外一个方式。程度补语与程度副词最大的不同是其表达的程度量多为高量级。程度补语有广义和狭义之分。狭义的程度补语在形式上和语义上有着鲜明的特征：1）不能单说，不能单独回答问题；2）一般不能被否定；3）扩展能力很弱；4）表高程度义；5）语义虚化；6）语义指向述语。我们并以此为依据穷尽式地确定了现代汉语中狭义程度补语的范围，得到程度补语43个。程度补语的成员可以从程度等级、褒贬色彩、结合方式等不同的角度分成不同的类别。能与程度补语组合的述语中心语跟程度副词可以修饰的中心语基本对等，包括形容词、心理动词、一般动词及其短语、部分名词，但是同程度副词相比，具体程度补语的组合能力相对较弱，与述语的双向选择受到更多的限制，这与很多程度补语的词义虚化程度不高有很大关系。程度补语本身没有完全虚化的词汇义、感情色彩义、语体色彩义都大大制约着程度补语的组合能力。很多补语与述语组合时具有明显的倾向性。广义的程度补语与结果补语、状态补语、数量补语存在交叉关系，这是由于述语与补语之间存在多重语义关系造成的。在现代汉语中，“高兴得跳起来”类结果补语、“胖得像充了气的皮球”类状态补语、“高几倍”类数量补语都可以表示述语的程度。广义程度补语与狭义程度补语不同，其是开放的，成员数量可以认为是无限的。程度补语和程度副词在表达程度量方面表现出一定的互补性。补语处于信息焦点的位置，使程度得以凸显，同时由于位于句子的表层，往往带有更浓重的主观色彩。程度副词、程度补语，，连同状态形容词、形容词重叠、表达程度的框架结构共同表达着现代汉语的程度量，表现出与印欧语言不同的风格特点。
[Abstract]:There are many forms of expression in the degree category in modern Chinese, including the lexical level, such as state adjectives, words with degree meaning, fixed phrases, grammatical level, such as overlapping, degree adverbial, degree complement, the frame structure of degree meaning, certain sentence patterns, the language level, such as tone. The degree adverb and degree complement are the most important Two important ways of expression.
The degree adverb of adverbials is the most important way of expressing the degree of expression in modern Chinese. As a grammatical marker of the degree of Chinese, the degree adverb has the characteristics of semantic fuzziness, single semantic orientation, strong functional adhesion and strong distribution and positioning. We think the semantic expression degree is put in adjectives (including some verbs, nouns). The adverb is the essential characteristic of the adverb which is different from other adverbs. As a criterion, we select 101 adverbs of degree, and classify the degree adverbs from different angles, such as degree grade, emotional color, and style color. The degree adverb is the adjective, state adjective, psychological verb, and general adjective, state adjective, psychological verb, and general. The verb and its phrase can also modify some nouns to quantify the character meaning contained in the central language. There is a two-way selection relationship between the degree adverb and the central language that it modifies, which is influenced by the degree of degree, the emotional color of the two parties, the restriction of the color of the language, and the limitation of the number of syllables. Generally speaking, the high degree adverb shows greater freedom when collocation with the central language; "a little", "slightly" with obvious emotional color tendencies; the collocation of both sides of the language should be consistent. The degree adverb, as a closed class, is not equal in the position of its internal members, with typical and SARS. The function of each member is different. At the same time, the system also has its openness and continuous absorption of fresh blood. Specific to the degree adverb individuals, they have their own characteristics in the aspects of semantic, syntactic distribution and sentence selection.
Degree complement is another way of the degree of expression in modern Chinese. The biggest difference between degree complement and degree adverb is that the degree of expression is mostly high. Degree complement has a broad and narrow sense. The degree complement in a narrow sense has a distinctive feature in form and semantics: 1) can't be alone, and can not answer the question alone; 2) first. It can not be denied; 3) the extension ability is very weak; 4) the meaning of the high degree of expression; 5) the semantic deficiency; 6) the semantic meaning of the predicate. We have determined the scope of the narrow sense complement in modern Chinese on this basis, and get the degree complement 43. The members of the degree complement can be from the degree level, the commendatory and derogatory color, the combination mode and other different angles. The central language that can be combined with the degree complement and the degree adverb can be basically equivalent to the modifier, including adjectives, psychological verbs, general verbs and their phrases, and some nouns, but compared with the degree adverbs, the combination ability of the specific complement is relatively weak, and the two-way choice between the predicate is more than the predicate. There is a great relationship between limitation, which is not very related to the low degree of semantic meaning of a lot of complement. The degree complement itself has no complete lexical meaning, emotional color meaning, and style color meaning greatly restricts the combination ability of degree complement. Many complement and predicate combination have obvious inclination. The generalized complement and result complement, state of complement, state There is a cross relationship between complement and quantitative complement, which is caused by the multiple semantic relationship between the predicate and the complement. In modern Chinese, "happy jump" is the result complement, "fat like a gas filled ball" state complement, and the number complement of "a few times" can express the extent of the predicate. The complement and the narrow sense of the generalized degree The meaning degree complement is different, it is open, the number of members can be considered infinite. Degree complement and degree adverb show certain complementarity in the degree of expression. Complement is in the position of information focus, and the degree can be highlighted, and at the same time, the surface of the sentence, often with more heavy subjective color.
The degree adverb, the degree complement, together with the state adjectives, adjectives, and the degree of expression of the frame structure together express the degree of modern Chinese, showing a different style and characteristic from the Indo European language.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H146

【参考文献】