彝族《劝哭经》译注及用字情况分析

发布时间：2018-05-23 12:07

本文选题：《劝哭经》 + 异体字　；参考：《中央民族大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：《劝哭经》是彝族丧祭文献《哭灵经》中的一种,是在彝族传统丧葬的劝哭仪式上,由毕摩念诵的,用以引导参加者悼念亡灵、哭诉不舍之情并劝解亡者亲属节哀的经文。念诵《劝哭经》的劝哭仪式一般是在祭祀的第二天晚上举行。彝族丧祭仪式中最重要的环节是转场,转场仪式结束之后,便举行劝哭仪式,劝哭仪式结束后,即是“接福禄”仪式。因此,劝哭仪式在整个丧祭程序上是比较重要的。《劝哭经》的经文,在修辞、生死观、民俗及文字学等方面都有其独有的价值。本文将在译注经文的基础上,从文字使用的具体情况着手进行分析,以期探求彝文的用字面貌。本文中的译注部分主要是通过查阅彝文字典及参考已有的翻译成果以完成初步对译工作。在此基础上通过向多位彝学专家请教难点以完成精译经文。在尽量反映原文内容与语言特点的翻译基础上,本文进一步深入分析《劝哭经》的用字情况。由于用字与造字紧密相连,故先全面分析彝文的造字之法。关于彝文的造字之法,前辈彝学专家和学者们已经做了较为深入的探索,但众说纷纭,各家观点不相一致。本文在综合分析前人对彝文造字法的总结、归纳成果之后,认为彝文的造字法可以基本概括为象形、指事、会意、形声、转位这5种造字法。而且大多数彝文集中于象形、指事这两种造字法上。彝文的用字法,是指在具体运用彝文中所形成的特殊使用规律。主要包括异体、通假和代字符号。彝文中,出现异体现象的原因有：一是造字之初,所采用的方法不同,造成同一字的形体表现形式不同；二是造字时,虽然都采用同一造字法,但对同一事物所获取的形象不同,创造的文字形体也不同；三是各地区彝语的语音不同导致有表音构件的彝文形体不同；四是毕摩在抄写经书时,.常常改笔以保持神秘感的习俗导致字形异体；五是毕摩个人的书写风格和审美观点不同；六是古今文字的演变差异,图画性和符号性的倾向性不同。从总体上来看,虽然异体字为学习者带来负担,不利于阅读,但却有利于文字探源和鉴定版本。《劝哭经》的文字使用中出现了大量借字现象。细究这些借字现象,就会发现都是属于本有其字而不用,因此这种用字情况属于通假的范畴。综合分析《劝哭经》中的通假运用情况,可发现彝文的通假基本可以分为同音通假、近音通假和这两种类型。《劝哭经》中还多次出现代字符号。这些代字符号多数是代替形容词,以增强修饰程度。
[Abstract]:The cry sutra is one of the documents of the mourning sacrifice of the Yi people, which is read by Bimo at the traditional funeral ceremony of Yi people, which is used to guide the participants to mourn the dead, cry out their feelings and exhort the relatives of the deceased to mourn. The cry-urging ceremony of chanting cry sutras is usually held on the second night of sacrifice. The most important part of the funeral ceremony of the Yi nationality is to turn around. After the ceremony, the crying ceremony is held, and after the ceremony is over, it is the ceremony of "receiving Fu Lu". Therefore, the crying ceremony is more important in the whole procedure of mourning. The sutras sutra has its unique value in rhetoric, outlook on life and death, folklore and philology. On the basis of the translation of the scriptures, this paper analyzes the specific situation of the use of the characters in the Yi language in order to find out the features of the characters used in the Yi language. The translation part of this paper is mainly by consulting the Yi dictionary and referring to the existing translation results to complete the preliminary translation work. On this basis, to complete the translation of scriptures by consulting many Yi experts. Based on the translation of the original text and linguistic features, this paper makes a further analysis of the use of the words in the Sutra. Because of the close connection between characters and characters, the method of making characters in Yi language is analyzed in an all-round way. The experts and scholars of Yi studies have made deep exploration on the method of creating characters in Yi language, but there are different opinions and different opinions. After synthetically analyzing the former people's summary of the Yi character making method, the author thinks that the Yi character making method can be summarized into five kinds of character making methods: pictograph, meaning, understanding, shape sound and transposition. And most of the Yi language is concentrated in pictographs, referring to these two ways of making characters. The use of Yi characters refers to the special rules of use formed in the specific use of Yi language. Mainly includes allogeneic, pass false and substitute character symbol. In the Yi language, the reasons for the phenomenon of heterogeneity are as follows: first, the different methods used at the beginning of making characters, which result in different forms of form of the same character; and second, when the characters are constructed, although the same method of making characters is used, But the image of the same thing is different, the creation of the character form is also different; third, the different pronunciation of the Yi language leads to the different form of the Yi language with phonetic components; fourth, Bimo is copying the scriptures and books. The custom of changing the pen to keep the mystery often leads to the zigzag heterogeneity; fifthly, the personal writing style and aesthetic viewpoint of Bimo are different; sixth, the evolution of ancient and modern characters is different, and the tendency of drawing and symbolism is different. On the whole, although heteromorphic characters bring burden to learners and are not conducive to reading, they are beneficial to the exploration and identification of text versions. A large number of borrowed characters appeared in the use of the words. If we look at these borrowing phenomena, we will find that they belong to the category of false characters. Based on the comprehensive analysis of the usage of false communication in the Sutra of persuasion, it can be found that the Yi language can be divided into two types: homophonic, near-phonetic and false. There are many modern symbols in the cry sutra. Most of these substitution symbols replace adjectives to enhance the degree of modification.
【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H217

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