请求类言语交际研究

发布时间：2018-05-27 16:14

本文选题：请求类交际意图 + 实现条件　；参考：《吉林大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：本文的研究源于对请求类言语交际过程的经验阐释。解决的核心问题就是：人们是如何用语言的形式满足“请求他人实施某事”的需求。以往关于请求言语行为的研究并没有在言语交际经验层面上找到话语形式所表达的意义的核心部分，即请求类交际意图。用“言外之意”、“会话含义”掩盖了话语形式实现的整体话语意义，致使无法解释不同话语形式实现请求言语行为的不同之处。本文试图从请求交际意图出发，全面阐释请求交际意图的实现过程。全文由七个章节和一个结语构成。第1章引言。确定研究立场、思路和价值。本文从言语交际经验层面考察“人为什么交际”的问题。说话作为言语行为，动机源于人的需求，人可以选择多种方式来满足需求，当人可以用语言的形式来满足需求时，便产生了交际意图。交际意图是人开口说话的动因，没有交际意图的存在人便没有任何说话的理由。因此，请求言语交际过程具体体现为：在一定交际语境中，请求者选择一定的话语形式实现请求类交际意图的过程，这便是本文的研究立场。请求类交际意图的实现过程就是请求者建立话语形式和请求类交际意图关联的过程。这个过程具体表现为：请求类交际意图—实现条件—实现途径—话语形式—话语意义这五个方面。这五个方面相互联系，表现于请求交际意图实现的整个过程中。本文的研究价值：理论上，真正从言语交际经验出发，从话语形式表达的内容中提取出核心意义—请求交际意图。交际意图的提出为建构句类系统提供了理论依据。抽象概括出判定话语形式和请求交际意图连接的标准，即请求交际意图的实现图式。并从整体出发，系统的阐释话语形式和请求交际意图的连接过程。实践上，为实现对外汉语的功能教学和语言能力测试提供了理论依据。第2章相关理论综述。本章对国内外相关理论进行梳理。国内对请求类言语交际的研究主要涉及句类和句类转换这两个方面。国外主要围绕“如何从字面意义推出言外之意”的问题而展开。它们的研究均涉及言语功能、实现条件、实现策略和话语意义等问题，这是本文研究的出发点。第3章请求类言语交际行为结构。语言研究的对象是言语交际。言语交际是在一定的交际语境中，说话者选择一定的话语形式实现交际意图的过程。从社会行为的角度，言语交际过程可以抽象概括为言语交际模式，言语交际模式作为一个整体，构成成分分别为请求类交际意图、请求者和被请求者、交际语境和话语形式四部分。每个构成成分并不是独立的，均以言语交际模式作为存在的前提，相互关联、相互依存。在请求言语交际模式中，请求类交际意图的实现结构体现为：请求者请求被请求者实施某种行为。其中请求实现结构为：请求者请求被请求者实现某种行为；请求事件结构为：被请求者实施某种行为。第4章请求类言语交际的实现条件。在请求类交际意图实现的过程中，我们对请求者需要满足的条件进行抽象概括，得出请求类言语交际的实现条件，分别为：请求者的需求、被请求者意愿或义务、被请求者的能力、行为X的构成成分。第5章请求类言语交际的实现过程。请求类言语交际的实现过程就是围绕如何建立话语形式和请求类交际意图的关联而进行的。请求类言语交际实现图式由请求类交际意图的实现结构和请求类交际意图的实现条件组成。在实际的言语交际中，请求类交际意图的实现图式是判断一个话语形式是否实现请求类交际意图的唯一标准。它作为一个整体，存储于人的长时记忆中。因此当一个话语形式标识任何一个实现条件时，均可以激活实现条件图式，进而符合请求类交际意图实现的标准，最终实现请求类交际意图。这个“标识—激活”的过程是请求类交际意图的实现机制。在请求类言语交际过程中，，请求者选择标识哪种实现条件以及选择用什么方式标识实现条件，均要遵循实现原则。请求者在选择话语形式标识请求类交际意图实现结构或实现条件时，需要遵循关联性原则和适应性原则。关联性原则，指话语形式一定和请求类交际意图相关联；适应性原则，指请求者选择与交际语境相适应的话语形式来实现请求类交际意图。请求者在选择原则的制约下，选择标识请求类交际意图实现结构或实现条件的途径。请求类交际意图的实现途径主要包括：直接途径，用结构化的语言成分标识请求类交际意图的实现结构；推理途径，话语形式和请求类交际意图实现条件的连接经过一些中间环节，给交际主体的推理留有一定空间，这些推理是通过主体约定、有关常识经验的认知图式和询问形式激活选择结构的方式实现的。第6章请求类言语交际的话语形式。请求类交际意图的实现过程是选择一定的实现途径标识请求类交际意图实现结构或实现条件的过程。根据标识对象的不同，我们把请求类交际意图实现类型分为：实现结构型和实现条件型。请求类言语交际的话语形式是对请求类交际意图实现类型的符号化过程。在这个符号化的过程中，研究请求类交际意图的话语形式结构，包括结构中各成分的出现情况，以及各成分的意义。第7章请求类言语交际的话语意义。请求类交际意图的话语意义是由请求类交际意图和社会文化意义组成的。请求类交际意图是话语意义的核心，但不是全部，社会文化意义作为请求类话语意义的一部分是在选择标识请求类交际意图实现途径的过程中建立的。第8章结语。论述本文的研究前景和不足之处。
[Abstract]:The study of this paper is based on an empirical interpretation of the process of verbal communication. The core of the problem is how people meet the needs of "asking others to carry out something" in the form of language. The previous study of the speech act of the request did not find the core of the meaning expressed in the language form. In part, it is the communicative intention of the request class. Using "meaning", "conversational implicature" covers the overall discourse meaning of the realization of the discourse form, which makes it impossible to explain the differences in the realization of the request speech act in different discourse forms. This article tries to explain the process of the realization of the communicative intention from the request of the communicative intention.
The full text is composed of seven chapters and one conclusion.
The first chapter is an introduction to determine the position, thought and value of the study. This article examines the question of "why people communicate" from the level of verbal communication experience. Speaking as speech act, motivation deriving from human needs, people can choose various ways to meet demand. When people can meet the needs in the form of language, they produce communicative intention. It is the motive of a person to speak, and there is no reason for any speech without the existence of a communicative intention. Therefore, the process of requesting verbal communication is embodied in the process of choosing a certain form of discourse in a certain communicative context, which is the research position of this article.
The process of the realization of the communicative intention of the request class is the process of establishing the interrelation between the form of discourse and the communicative intention of the request class. This process is manifested in the following five aspects: the communicative intention of the request class - the realization condition - the realization approach - the discourse form - the discourse meaning. These five aspects are interconnected, and are manifested in the realization of the communicative intention of the request. Throughout the process.
The value of the study is: in theory, from the point of view of verbal communication, the core meaning is extracted from the content expressed in the form of discourse. The presentation of the communicative intention provides a theoretical basis for the construction of a sentence type system. In practice, it provides a theoretical basis for the realization of functional teaching and language ability testing in Chinese as a foreign language.
The second chapter is a summary of the related theories. This chapter combs the relevant theories at home and abroad. The domestic research on the speech communication of the request category mainly involves the two aspects of the sentence class and the sentence class conversion. The foreign countries mainly focus on the problem of "how to introduce the meaning from the literal meaning". Their research involves the function of speech, the realization of the conditions and the realization of the policy. This is the starting point of this study.
The third chapter is about the communicative structure of verbal communication. The object of language study is verbal communication. Speech communication is a process in which a speaker chooses a certain form of discourse in a certain communicative context. From the perspective of social behavior, the process of verbal communication can be abstracted as a verbal communication model and a verbal communication model as a one. As a whole, the constituent elements are the four parts of the communicative intention, the requester and the requestor, the communicative context and the form of discourse. Each component is not independent, and all of them are the precondition of the verbal communication model, interrelated and interdependent.
In the mode of requesting verbal communication, the realization structure of the communicative intention of the request class is that the requestor asks the requestor to carry out some kind of behavior. The request realization structure is: the requester requests the requestor to realize some kind of behavior; the request event structure is the requestor to carry out some kind of behavior.
The fourth chapter is the realization condition of the request class speech communication. In the process of realizing the communicative intention of the request class, we abstractly summarize the conditions that the requestor needs to satisfy, and draw the realization conditions of the request class speech communication, which are the demands of the requestor, the wishes or obligations of the requestor, the requestor's ability and the composition of the behavior X.
The fifth chapter is the realization process of the speech communication of the request class. The realization process of the request class speech communication is carried out around how to establish the relation between the discourse form and the communicative intention of the request class. The realization schema of the request class speech communication realization form is composed of the realization structure of the communicative intention of the request class and the realization of the communicative intention of the request class. In communication, the realization schema of the communicative intention of the request class is the only criterion to judge whether a discourse form realizes the communicative intention of the request class. As a whole, it is stored in the human long term memory. Therefore, when a discourse form identifies any realization condition, it can stimulate the realization of the conditional schema, and then conform to the request class communication. The standard of intention realization ultimately realizes the communicative intention of request class. The process of "identification activation" is the realization mechanism of request class's communicative intention.
In the process of requesting speech communication, the requestor chooses which realization condition and how to identify the conditions of realization, all of which should follow the principle of realization. The requester should follow the principle of connection and the principle of adaptability when choosing the form to identify the communicative intention of the request class, and the principle of relevance and adaptability. The form of discourse must be related to the communicative intention of the request class, and the principle of adaptability means that the requestor chooses the form of discourse adapted to the communicative context to realize the communicative intention of the request class.
The requestor, under the restriction of the selection principle, selects the way to identify the communicative intention of the request class. The ways to realize the communicative intention of the request category mainly include: the direct way, identifying the realization structure of the communicative intention of the request class with the structured language component, the reasoning approach, the discourse form and the communication intention of the request class. The connection of conditional connections, through some intermediate links, has a certain space for the reasoning of the communicative subject. These reasoning is realized by the way of the subject agreement, the cognitive schemata of common sense experience and the form of inquiry in the form of inquiry.
The sixth chapter is the discourse form of the verbal communication of the request class. The process of realizing the communicative intention of the request class is the process of selecting a certain realization way to identify the communicative intention of the request class to realize the structure or the condition of realization. According to the difference of the identified object, we divide the types of the communicative intention of the request class into: the realization of the structure type and the realization condition type. The discourse form of communicative language is a symbolic process of the type of communicative intention of the request class. In this symbolic process, the discourse form structure of the communicative intention of the request class is studied, including the appearance of the components in the structure and the meaning of each component.
The seventh chapter is the discourse meaning of the request class communication. The discourse meaning of the communicative intention of the request class is composed of the communicative intention of the request class and the social cultural meaning. The communicative intention of the request class is the core of the discourse meaning, but not all. The social cultural meaning is a part of the choice of the communicative intention of the request class. It is established in the process of the present approach.
The eighth chapter is the conclusion. It discusses the research prospects and shortcomings of this paper.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H136

【参考文献】