汉语小句宾语句中代词主语和空主语的第二语言习得研究

发布时间：2018-06-04 12:40

本文选题：小句宾语句 + 代词主语　；参考：《安徽大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：小句宾语句是现代汉语动词谓语句的特殊句式之一,在本族人语料中出现的频率很高,在日常交际中发挥着不可或缺的作用。很多学者从传统语法的角度探讨过这个问题,取得了不少研究成果。但总的来说,研究得还不够充分,特别是与第二语言教学联系起来的研究还不够。汉语作为[+零主语]语言的一种,主语的灵活性会使得该语言现象成为外国学生学习的难点。从第二语言教学的角度来看,外国学生往往容易在主语是否出现等问题上出现错误,因此本文重点研究小句宾语句相关习得问题。小句宾语句就是由小句做动词宾语的句子,属动词谓语句的一种,其结构可以表示为“N1+V1+(N2+V2)”。主句的主语(N1)可以是名词,也可以是名词性的代词,如人称代词(“你、我、他”等)、量化词语(“有人、每个人、没有人”等)和疑问词(“谁”)。N2作为小句的主语(N2)可以是第三人称代词“他”,也可以是零形式。小句主语为代词的小句宾语句称为“代词主语小句宾语句”,小句主语为零形式的小句宾语句称为“空主语小句宾语句”。从小句主语是否必须出现的角度考虑,将小句宾语动词分成两大类,一类是小句的主语必须出现的小句宾语动词；一类是小句的主语可以出现也可以不出现的小句宾语动词。第二类小句宾语动词是研究的重点。现代汉语中小句宾语句的小句主语(代词主语、空主语)和主句主语的照应关系具有几点独特之处,不同于“显性代词限制”原则：第一,部分动词引导的代词主语小句宾语句中,代词可以与量化词语和疑问词同指,也可以异指,造成句子的歧义,例如“认为”、“觉得2”、“以为”、“希望”等；第二,部分动词引导的空主语小句宾语句中,空主语与主句主语必须同指,例如“打算”、“坚持”、“发誓”、“后悔”等；第三,部分动词引导的空主语小句宾语句中,小句主语与主句主语必须异指,例如“提议”、“讽刺”、“赞成”、“欢迎2”等。 “HSK动态作文语料库”调查和“正确使用相对频率法”的统计结果显示,留学生小句宾语句的习得顺序是：先习得代词主语小句宾语句,后习得空主语小句宾语句。代词主语小句宾语句和空主语小句宾语句中各小类的习得顺序是：先习得主句主语是人称代词的小句宾语句,以下依次是主句主语是名词的小句宾语句、主句主语是量化词语的小句宾语句、主句主语是疑问词“谁”的小句宾语句。外国学生在习得小句宾语句时容易造成的偏误类型主要有主语缺省、主语多余、小句宾语句的错用、小句宾语动词的错用和小句宾语句的错序等。造成这些偏误的原因主要是外国学生的母语的影响、外国学生的交际策略、汉语自身的特点和教材及教师误导等。《新汉语水平考试大纲》没有出现汉语小句宾语句这一语法纲目。教材《新实用汉语课本》中小句宾语句的编排缺乏系统性,需要加大对小句宾语句的解释力度,翻译小句宾语句的同时要提醒学生注意汉语的结构特点。《新实用汉语课本》中代词主语小句宾语句和空主语小句宾语句的出现顺序和习得顺序基本一致,但各小类的出现顺序和习得顺序有些差异,主要表现在：代词主语小句宾语句中,主句主语是疑问词的小句宾语句在教材中比主句主语是量化词语的先出现,但留学生却是后习得的；空主语小句宾语句中,主句主语是量化词语的小句宾语句在教材中比主句主语是名词的先出现,但留学生却后习得。针对小句宾语句的课堂教学,汉语教师必须清楚把握小句宾语句的概念、用法、各种句式的习得顺序；使用适当的教学方法；强化对知识点的训练。
[Abstract]:As one of the special sentences of modern Chinese verb predicate sentence , the small sentence object sentence is one of the special sentences of modern Chinese verb predicate , and plays an indispensable role in the daily communication . Many scholars have made many research achievements from the angle of traditional grammar . But in general , the flexibility of the subject can make the language phenomenon become the difficult point of foreign students studying .

The subject ( N1 ) of the main sentence may be a noun or a noun , such as a personal substitution ( " you , I , he " , etc . ) , a quantitative word ( " someone , everyone , no person " , etc . ) and a question ( " who " ) .

From the point of view of whether the main word of a small sentence must appear , the verbs of the object of the small sentence are divided into two categories , one is the small sentence object verb which the subject of the small sentence must appear ;
The second kind of small sentence object verb is the focus of the study . The second kind of small sentence object verb is the focus of the study . The second kind of small sentence object sentence is different from the principle of " explicit substitution restriction " : the first , the partial verb is guided by the small sentence object clause in the object sentence , the substitute can also refer to the quantifier word and the question word , but also can refer to , causes the ambiguity of the sentence , such as " think " , " feel 2 " , " thought " , " hope " and so on ;
Second , in the short sentence object sentence of the empty subject which is guided by some verbs , the subject of the empty subject and the subject of the subject must be the same , such as " intention " , " adherence " , " oath " , " regret " and so on ;
Thirdly , in the short sentence object sentence , the subject of the small sentence should be different from the subject ' s subject , such as " proposal " , " satirical " , " yes " , " welcome 2 " and so on .

The order of the second sentence object is that the subject is a small sentence object sentence in which the subject is a noun , and the subject of the subject is the small sentence object sentence of the quantifier , and the subject of the subject is the small sentence object sentence of the question " who " .

The main reason is the influence of the native language of foreign students , the communicative strategies of foreign students , the characteristics of the Chinese itself and the misdirection of the textbooks and teachers .

There are some differences in the sequence and the acquisition order of the small sentence object clauses in the new and practical Chinese textbooks .
In the short sentence object sentence of the empty subject , the subject of the subject is the first appearance of the sentence in the teaching material than the subject in the main sentence , but the remaining students learn . In the light of the classroom teaching of the small sentence object sentence , the Chinese teacher must clearly grasp the concept , usage and various sentence patterns of the sentence .
Use appropriate teaching methods ;
Strengthen the training of knowledge points .
【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H195.3

【参考文献】