基于主观性理论的汉语镜像成分句法和语义功能研究

发布时间：2018-06-18 02:00

本文选题：主观性(化) + 镜像成分　；参考：《上海外国语大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：汉语中存在大量的镜像换位成分，涉及方所、性状、否定和小句等等，它们可以围绕某一参照中心成分做前后镜像换位，如“在床上躺着”和“躺在床上”，“多给了”和“给多了”等等。对此现象，本文以Langacker的共时主观性理论为指导，同时辅以Traugott历时主观化理论、心理空间理论及语用学相关理论，对这四类成分因镜像换位而产生的主观性差异系统分析，探寻其在认知上的共性，并以此来解释镜像成分在换位前后的语义和句法表现。本文所用汉语语料主要来源于“北大语料库”和“语料库在线”及其它名家作品和参考文献用例，部分例句来自网络和内省。上述四类镜像换位成分中，“方所”和“性状”主要基于单纯的主观性范式，即以说话人为主要主观视角，而“否定”和“小句”则主要基于交互主观性范式，即以言听双方的认知互动为主观视角。本文主要基于对镜像成分在不同位置所述谓的对象的不同而展开分析。在言语活动中，言听双方、言谈对象及言谈内容构成了言语事件的三个必要元素。依据Langacker(1987)，世界的事体（entity）分为两类：具有概念独立特征的“事物（thing）”和概念依存特征的“关系（relationships）”，“关系”是以“事物”的存在为前提的，是对“事物”的述谓，因此，言语事件中的每一个述谓成分都有其述谓的对象，该对象或者为言谈对象（目标物），或者为说话人。基于这一思路，通过对“方所”、“性状”、“否定”和“小句”四类镜像成分在换位前后所分别述谓的对象进行分析，寻找其语义差异，以此来证明其在不同位置上的主观性差异，并根据主观性的差异分析镜像成分在不同位置上的语义特征及句法表现。此外，本文还就“方所”、“性状”和“否定”三个成分进行了历时考查，以期从语言演变的视角论证成分在历时主观化过程中发生的句法位置的变动，达到共时分析和历时研究的相互补充。总体而言，四类镜像成分在参照中心成分后的位置均表现为对具体实体或事件的述谓，而在参照中心成分前的位置均表现为对说话人的述谓、或是以说话人为概念参照而实现对某个实体的述谓。前者的语义较具体，更多地体现了指称或描述功能，具有客观性；后者的语义较抽象，通常体现的是言者表述功能，其指称性减弱而主观性增强。因此，文章总体的结论是：镜像成分在参照中心成分的左端所产生的主观性要高于其在右端的主观性。按照Langacker的“入场”理论模型，我们说，镜像成分“左置”体现的是说话人“域”内观察，而“右置”体现的是“域”外观察。藉此，文章对这些不同范畴的这一句法现象提出了统一的解释。一、方所成分的镜像换位以“在+方所”和“向+方所”最为典型。由于方所成分所在的构式通常体现的是位移事件，因此，文章以视角主观性为切入点，将方所成分的表达分为“内部观察”和“外部观察”两种视角，并结合人们在位移事件中的观察机制，在每种观察视角内又分“由内向外”和“由外向内”两种观察方式，并据此对动前式和动后式的“在+方所”的语义特征和句法表现进行了分析，发现它们在[过程性]、[完成性]、[致使性]和[有界性]、[附着性]上存在系统的对立。此外，动前式的“在+方所”成分可以进行焦点化、可以作为言者的移情对象；而动式后的处所成分的及物性要高于动前式的及物性。在语篇方面，动前式的后续句一般是对动作行为的进一步详述，而动后式的后续句则是对该处所发生的其它动作的详述。同样，“向+方所”结构的动前式和动后式亦在[位移性]、[方向性]、[接触性]、[单音节]、[时段]和[主观参照]等维度表现出系统性的差异。二、性状成分的镜像换位以“状－定”换位和“状－补”换位为常。在“状－定”换位中，状语性状是对性状的突显，强调其对说话人的认知意义和重要性，而定语性状则是对其宿主客观属性的描写，其性状本身并不突显。据此，，文章给出了定语句和状语句的构式义，并分析了状语性状固有的隐性语义条件和增强性状突显的显性操作手段。状语句和定语句在主观性上的差异可以解释其在谓语结构、宾语结构、时体特征、疑问化、否定等维度上的不同。同样，在“状－补”换位中，状语性状是对说话人的述谓，而补语性状是对客观情状的述谓，这导致它们在形态组配、量性特征、句法和情态等方面存在明显的对立。三、在否定成分的镜像换位中，由于否定词“没（有）”具有空间建构功能，本质上体现的是言听双方在认知空间上的协调，因而比“不”具有更高的（交互）主观性，由此导致“没（有）”在语用的礼貌表现和语篇连贯等维度同“不”表现出对立。由于“不”的主观性程度较低，或者说主要体现了客观性，这使得它可以通过“主－从”换位的句法手段，由从句位置前移至主句位置而不改变其语义并达到增强主观性的效果；而“没（有）”因其本质上的强主观性而不具有这一潜能。四、在小句的镜像换位中，句首从句和句尾从句在“内部特征”和“外部特征”两个维度的六个方面表现出对立，句首从句更多地体现了言听双方的认知互动，因而更容易实现宏观上的语篇连贯，而句尾从句则只是对其前面主句的概念延续，具有微观层面上的局部功能。同时，主从句主语的一致性与否及关联词在主语前后位置的不同亦影响主观性的差异。文章以因果复句为例对这一主观性现象进行了分析，对表因连接词“因为”、“由于”和“既然”所引导的小句在镜像换位上的不同表现给出了合理的解释。“因为”是对说话人的显性编码、“由于”是对说话人和听话人的隐性编码、而“既然”则是对说话人和听话人显性编码。由此导致三者中，“由于”小句的主观性要高于“既然”小句，“因为”小句的主观性程度最低。镜像成分主观性“左置”的倾向是一种转喻认知机制作用的结果。其历时演变机制则表明主观性源于客观性，客观性蕴含主观性这一现象。成分主观性与句法位置的嬗变说明，汉语在主观化演变中符合VO语言的演变特征，同时也表明汉语是个强主观性语言。
[Abstract]:In Chinese, there are a large number of mirror transposition components, involving square place, character, negation and clause and so on. They can be changed around a reference center, such as "lying on the bed" and "lying on the bed", "give more" and "give more". This article is guided by the theory of the synchronic subjectivism of Langacker. At the same time, with the theory of Traugott diachronic subjectivism, psychosspace theory and pragmatics, a systematic analysis of the subjectivity difference produced by the four types of elements due to the mirror image transposition is made to explore the commonness in cognition, and to explain the semantic and syntactic performance of the mirror components before and after the transposition. The Chinese corpus in this paper is mainly derived from the Chinese corpus. "Peking University corpus" and "corpus online" and other famous works and reference use cases, some examples are from the network and introspection. Among the four types of mirror transposition, "Fang" and "character" are mainly based on the simple subjective paradigm, that is, the main main perspective of the speaker, and the main basis of "Negation" and "clause". In the interactive subjectivity paradigm, the cognitive interaction between speakers and listens is a subjective perspective.
This paper is mainly based on the analysis of the different objects described in different positions. In speech activities, the three elements of speech events constitute the three essential elements of speech events. According to Langacker (1987), the world's events (entity) are divided into two categories: "things (thing)" with the concept of independent characteristics. The "relationship" (relationships), which is based on the existence of "things", is the predicate of "things". Therefore, every predicate component in the speech event has its predicate object, the object or the object of speech (object), or the speaker. Based on this idea, through the "Fang" "", "", "" "," "" "," "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "," the "semantic difference" in different positions, to find out the semantic differences in the different positions, and to analyze the subjective differences in different positions, and to analyze the semantic features and syntactic performance of the mirror components in different positions according to the differences of subjectivity. The paper also examines the three components of "Fang", "character" and "Negation", in order to demonstrate the change of syntactic position in the process of subjectivism in the course of the diachronic process from the perspective of language evolution, and to complement the mutual analysis and diachronic research.
In general, the position of the four types of mirror components in the reference center is expressed as the predicate of the specific entity or event, and the position before the reference center is expressed as the predicate to the speaker, or the predicate of the entity with the reference of the speaker. Descriptive function, objectivity; the latter is more abstract and usually embodies the expressive function of the speaker, whose denotability is weakened and the subjectivity is enhanced. Therefore, the overall conclusion of the article is that the subjectivity of the mirror component in the left end of the reference center is higher than its subjectivity at the right side. According to the "admission" theory of Langacker The model, we say, the mirror image component "left" reflects the speaker's "domain" observation, and the "right" embodies the "domain" outside observation. In this way, the article gives a unified explanation of these different categories of this syntactic phenomenon.
First, the mirror transposition of Fang is the most typical of the "in the + side" and "to the + side". As the composition of the composition is usually a displacement event, the article divides the expression into the two perspectives of "Internal observation" and "external observation" based on the subjectivity of the angle of view. The observation mechanism in the part is divided into two observation modes, "from inside to outside" and "from the outside" in each observation angle of view. According to this, the semantic and syntactic features of the "in + square" are analyzed, and they are found in [process], [accomplishment], [causative] and [boundedness], and there is a system on [attachment]. In addition, the component of "in + side" can be focused, and it can be used as the empathy object of the speaker; the transitivity of the components after the movement is higher than the transitivity of the pre active type. The other actions that occur are described in detail. Similarly, the pre and post movements of the "to + square" structure also show systematic differences in [displacement], [direction], [contact], [monosyllabic], [period] and [subjective reference].
Two, the mirror image transposition of the character components is constant with the change of the "shape definite" transposition and the "shape filling" transposition. In the "shape definite" transposition, the adverbial character is the prominence of the character, emphasizing its cognitive meaning and importance to the speaker, while the attributive character is the description of the objective attribute of the host, and the character itself is not highlighted. Accordingly, the article gives the article. The constructional meaning of the attributive and adverbial sentences and the implicit semantic conditions inherent in the adverbial characters and the explicit means of operation for the enhancement of the enhanced characters. The differences in subjectivity of the sentence and the attributive sentence can explain the difference in the predicate structure, the object structure, the time body feature, the interrogative and the negation. In a position, the adverbial character is the predicate of the speaker, and the complement character is the predicate of the objective love, which leads to the obvious antagonism between the form group, the quantity character, the syntax and the modality.
Three, in the mirror transposition of the negative elements, the negative word "no" has the function of spatial construction, which essentially embodies the coordination of the two sides in the cognitive space, and thus has a higher (interaction) subjectivity than "no", thus leading to the "no" in the pragmatic expression of politeness and discourse coherence and the expression of "no". Opposites, because of the lower subjectivity of "no" or the main embodiment of objectivity, it makes it possible to move from the position of the clause to the position of the main sentence from the position of the clause from the clause to the position of the main sentence, and to enhance the effect of subjectivity by the "Master - from" transposition. "No (there is)" does not have this because of its essential subjectivity. A potential.
Four, in the mirror transposition of the clause, the first clause and the sentence tail clause are opposed to the six aspects of the two dimensions of "internal characteristics" and "external features". The first clause is more likely to reflect the cognitive interaction between the two sides, and thus more easily realized in the macro discourse coherence, while the sentence tail clause is only the concept of the main clause in front of the sentence. In the meantime, the consistency of the subject of the main clause and the difference in the position of the Related words in the subject are also influenced by the differences of subjectivity. The article takes the causal complex as an example to analyze the subjective phenomenon, which is based on the "cause", "because" and "since". "Because" is the explicit encoding of the speaker, "because" is the recessive encoding of the speaker and the hearer, and "since" is the explicit encoding of the speaker and the hearer. Thus, the subjectivity of the three sentence is higher than the "since" clause, " Because "the subjectivism of the clause is the lowest."
The tendency of subjective "left" in the mirror composition is a result of the role of metonymy cognitive mechanism. Its diachronic evolution mechanism indicates that subjectivity originates from objectivity and objectivity implies subjectivity. The evolution of subjectivity and syntactic position shows that Chinese is in conformity with the evolution of the VO language in the subjective evolution of the Chinese language, and it also shows the Chinese language. Language is a strong subjective language.
【学位授予单位】：上海外国语大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H146

【引证文献】