汉蒙人体成语对比研究

发布时间：2018-07-25 13:24

【摘要】：人类文明发展的过程中隐喻都引起诸多学家的注目。隐喻不仅仅是一种修辞手段，它更是人类认知活动中的一种重要的思维方式，因为思维过程本身就是隐喻性的。目前也有许多学者已认为隐喻是一种认知模式，即人类把熟悉的、已知的、具体的范畴概念投射映现到抽象的范畴概念中去的模式。换言之，用客观存在的具体事物来认识或解释主观想象中的抽象事物。在世界上的哪种语言中都有很普遍的、最常见的隐喻现象是以人体自身的部位作为认知模式的人体隐喻。人体隐喻属于隐喻的一种。“人置身于世界中并作为世界的一部分，他必定以某种方式与这个世界构成‘相似’的关系”（耿占春，1993：315）。人们常用身体某个部位或器官的特殊功能或特点构成隐喻概念，如“眼、耳、脸、嘴、心、肝、手、脚、头、腿”等人体部位的外在形状、功能及民族心理和文化背景会形成人类的生存活动与认知思维相互作用的必然结果——隐喻。比如说人们早就认识到了“头”的形状、功能的特征就去类比需要认识的其他具体或抽象事物，知道了它是运行控制着人体的动作、思维、感觉的生理功能的器官，然后有了像它功能类似的概念，知道了它是人体中最明显突出的方位，就有了“头领、头马、山头、布头”等概念的隐喻。汉语和蒙语中的大部分无生命事物的表达都涉及人体部位的隐喻。人们在自己熟知的身体概念基础上，，认知或理解情感、思维、心理状态甚至是社会生活中复杂的人际关系等其他许多的未知的、不熟悉的、较为抽象的或较难理解的另一个领域的隐喻概念，从而形成了丰富多彩的人体词语隐喻表达方式。自古以来，中蒙两国是山水相接的邻国，目前中国在经济、贸易、教育、基础设施等领域上迅速发展的同时，蒙古国学习汉语爱好者日益增多。近几年来，中蒙两国语言学家、研究者积极进行对比研究，其中，反映出几千年历史文化的、民族风俗习惯、思维方式特点、词汇单位之一的“成语”，尤其是成语对比研究毫无疑问地引起了学者们极大的兴趣。汉蒙成语主要在词汇学、认知心理学、文化语言学等方面取得了相应的对比研究成果。中国语言学家、研究者从不同角度、不同的层次对汉语成语进行深入研究，但他们大致认为，汉语成语是熟语一种，有结构的固定性、意义的完整性、不能将它组成成分任意替换、变动，主要以四个音节构成的，具有一定的典故及来源的固定词组。蒙古国学者从词汇学、词义学、语法学、词典学、翻译学角度来探讨蒙语成语认为，“蒙语成语是固定词组，它结构稳固、意义完整、功能相当于词语，是不能直接逐字逐句地翻译成其他外语的最能表现蒙古民族特色的一个特殊的家族。成语是任何一种语言中不可缺少的重要组成部分，是民族语言中最富活力和表现力的单位之一，是民族文化和智慧的一面镜子，它的数量众多，使用范围广泛，频率极高。所谓“人体成语”指的是含有人体各部位名称的词语表示关于人的知、情、意、行的成语。这些词语或具体或抽象地表达了与人体有关的意义。人在“身体化活动”或“体认”世界的过程中，将自己对自身各部位的认识投射到周围事物上，由此建立了一个由各个隐喻概念构成的相互联系的庞大的隐喻系统。人体的各部位及器官从头到脚、从内到外都能构成数不胜数的、丰富多彩的、意义有趣的成语，这也是人类观察自然、认识自身的过程中逐渐形成的。本论文从对比研究角度对汉蒙人体成语进行系统性和全面性的研究，本课题的主要目的就对汉蒙人体成语进行全方位、系统性的研究，首先从汉蒙人体词语和成语界定入手，对汉蒙人体成语给出明确的定义，对此进行了结构、语义特点分析；其次从认知隐喻的角度，采取归纳的方法，对所有汉蒙人体成语及其语义范畴、结构分类进行定量定性的并且多角度、多层次地探讨与分析，以期发现它们的异同之处；最后，采取考察现状、问卷调查统计的方法对对外汉语成语教学进行了初步性研究。本论文共分七章。第一章绪论本章主要论述了选题的动机和背景，阐明了研究综述，并且确定了本课题的研究目标，在确立好研究所使用的主要方法的基础上指出了研究考察范围和研究语料。第二章汉蒙人体成语概述在对中国和蒙古国语言学界各位学家的研究结果及理论依据进行分析的基础上，主要从本课题相关概念入手，界定汉蒙语人体词语和汉蒙语成语的概念，并且第一次对汉蒙人体词语、汉蒙语成语进行了较全面性、较系统性的研究梳理和总结。同时从结构及语义角度探讨汉蒙语成语特点和来源，阐释了它们的共性与个性。第三到五章本课题的核心部分，第一次探讨汉蒙成语隐喻认知对比分析，各章分别对汉蒙人体头部器官成语、躯体器官成语以及内脏器官成语的进行隐喻认知语义对比研究，力图从汉蒙两个民族的世界观、隐喻认知的普遍性、情感表达的隐喻性、文化的共个性等方面深入，以期发现它们之间的差异。第六章以蒙古国高等学校汉语学习者作研究对象，从蒙古大学生的汉语成语偏误分析入手，对汉语作为第二语言教学方面进行研究，探讨合理的对外汉语成语教学的方法，力图解决目前蒙古国汉语教学中成语教学面临的一些实际问题。第七章结语对本论文所探讨的问题作出结论，指出创新点及有待更深入、更全面研究的问题。
[Abstract]:Metaphors have attracted the attention of many scientists during the development of human civilization. Metaphor is not only a rhetorical device, but also an important way of thinking in human cognitive activities, because the process of thinking itself is metaphorical. At present, many scholars have considered metaphor as a cognitive model, that is, human being is familiar and known. In other words, it is common in any language in the world, and the most common metaphorical phenomenon is human body metaphor as the cognitive model of human body.
Human body metaphor belongs to a metaphor. "Man is in the world and as part of the world, he must form a relationship with the world in some way" (Geng Zhanchun, 1993:315). People often use the special functions or characteristics of one part or organ of the body to form metaphorical concepts, such as "eye, ear, face, mouth, heart, liver, hand, foot," The external shape, function, and national psychological and cultural background of the human body, such as head, leg, and other human parts, will form the inevitable result of the interaction between human and cognitive thinking - metaphor, for example, that people have known the shape of the "head" for a long time, and the features of functions are analogous to other specific or abstract things to be understood. The organ that controls the movement, the thinking, and the physiological function of the human body, and then has the concept of a similar function, knowing that it is the most prominent position in the human body, and there is a metaphor for the concept of "head, head horse, mountain head, head", and the expression of most inanimate things in Chinese and Mongolian involves the body parts Metaphor. On the basis of their well known physical concepts, people recognize or understand the emotional, mental, psychological, and even the complex interpersonal relationships in social life, as well as other unknown, unfamiliar, more abstract or more difficult metaphorical concepts in another field, thus forming a colorful expression of human metaphors. Way.
Since ancient times, China and Mongolia are the neighbouring countries of the mountains and rivers. At the moment China has developed rapidly in the fields of economy, trade, education, infrastructure and other fields, the Mongolia Chinese learning Chinese enthusiasts are increasing. In recent years, the Chinese and Mongolian linguists and researchers have actively carried on the comparative study, which reflects the culture of thousands of years and the national style. The custom, the characteristics of the way of thinking and the "idiom" of one of the lexical units, especially the comparative study of the idioms, have undoubtedly aroused great interest in the scholars. The Chinese Mongolian idioms have made corresponding comparative results in the aspects of lexicology, cognitive psychology and cultural linguistics.
Chinese linguists, researchers have studied Chinese Idioms from different angles and different levels, but they generally think that Chinese idioms are a kind of idioms, with structural fixity and integrity of meaning, which can not be replaced arbitrarily and changed, mainly composed of four syllables, with certain allusions and sources. Phrase.
From the perspective of lexicology, lexicology, grammar, lexicography, and translation, Mongolia scholars discuss Mongolian idioms. "Mongolian idioms are fixed phrases. It has a solid structure, complete meaning and function equivalent to words. It is a special family that can not be translated word by word and sentence by word to other foreign languages to express the national characteristics of Mongolia."
The idiom is an indispensable part of any language. It is one of the most energetic and expressive units in the national language. It is a mirror of national culture and wisdom. It has a large number, wide range and high frequency. The so-called "human Idioms" refer to people with the names of various parts of the human body. These words express the meaning of the human body. In the process of "physical activity" or the "body recognition" of the world, people project their own understanding of their own parts to the surrounding things, and thus establish a huge metaphor which is composed of various metaphorical concepts. All parts and organs of the human body from head to foot, from inside to outside, can form numerous, colorful and interesting idioms, which are also gradually formed in the process of observing nature and recognizing itself.
This thesis makes a systematic and comprehensive study of Han Mongolian human idioms from the perspective of comparative study. The main purpose of this topic is to make a comprehensive and systematic study of Han Mongolian human idioms. First, starting with the definition of Han Mongolian human words and idioms, this paper gives a clear definition of the idioms of Han and Mongolia human body, and carries out the structure and semantic features of the Chinese and Mongolian idioms. Secondly, from the perspective of cognitive metaphor, we take the method of induction to make a quantitative qualitative and multi angle, multi-level discussion and analysis of all Han Mongolian idioms and their semantic categories and their semantic categories, in order to find out their similarities and differences. Finally, the method of investigation and statistics is adopted to teach Chinese idioms in foreign language. A preliminary study is carried out in the study. This paper is divided into seven chapters.
Chapter 1 Introduction
This chapter mainly discusses the motivation and background of the topic, clarifies the research review, and determines the research objectives of the subject. On the basis of the establishment of the main methods used in the Institute, the scope of the study and the research corpus are pointed out.
The second chapter of Han Mongolian human idioms
On the basis of the analysis of the research results and theoretical basis of Chinese and Mongolia language scholars, the concept of human and Mongolian idioms in Mongolian and Mongolian is defined, and the first time is to make a more comprehensive and systematic study of Han Mongolian human words and Chinese and Mongolian idioms. At the same time, this paper discusses the characteristics and sources of Chinese and Mongolian idioms from the perspective of structure and semantics, and explains their commonness and individuality.
Third to five chapters
The core part of this thesis is to discuss the metaphor cognition of the Chinese and Mongolian idioms for the first time. The chapters make a contrastive study of the metaphorical cognitive semantics of the Chinese and Mongolian human head organ idioms, the body idioms and the visceral idioms, trying to find out the universality of the metaphorical cognition, the metaphorical expression of the emotional expression, and the metaphorical expression of the two ethnic groups in the Han and Mongolian. In order to discover the differences between them, we should deepen the commonness of the Chinese culture.
The sixth chapter
Taking the Chinese learners of Mongolia University as the research object, starting with the analysis of the errors of Chinese idioms in Mongolia, this paper studies the Chinese as the second language teaching, and probes into the reasonable methods of teaching Chinese idioms in foreign Chinese, and tries to solve some practical problems in the teaching of idioms in the Chinese teaching of Chinese in Mongolia.
The conclusion of the seventh chapter
This paper draws a conclusion on the problems discussed in this paper, and points out the innovation points and the problems that need to be studied more deeply and comprehensively.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H136.3;H531

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