现代汉语人称代词及相关句法问题
发布时间：2018-08-20 19:17
【摘要】：代词是汉语语法系统中的一个备受争议的词类,代词能否独立成类,属于实词还是虚词都没有定论。目前比较通行的看法是把代词分为三类：人称代词、指示代词、疑问代词,而在国际文献中,代词的所指主要指人称代词,其中并不包括指示代词和疑问代词。对于汉语来说,人称代词也是学者们普遍承认的一类代词。因此,本文选取人称代词作为研究对象,希望通过对人称代词的考察,从而对代词有一个全面而深入的认识。我们在研究的过程中同英语人称代词进行了对比,因为只有通过对比,才能对汉语现象做更精细的观察,在此基础上才能达到描写的充分性和解释的充分性。通过比较,人称代词的使用在汉英两种语言中的异同如下所示：1.汉语中的人称代词具有名词性,具有[+有定]特征的人称代词都可以受修饰,而且书面语的语体特点决定了人称代词受修饰现象多存在于书面语中；而英语中的人称代词具有功能性,般不能受修饰,只在极其有限的情况下做名词使用时,人称代词才能带上修饰语。2.汉语是没有DP的语言,光杆名词可以做主目语,定语位置上的人称代词是语用的需要,可以不使用；而英语是有DP的语言,光杆名词不能直接做主目语,名词前的领属人称代词是构成限定词短语(DP)的必要成分,不能省略。3.汉语中几乎所有的人称代词都可以与名词性成分构成同位结构,而且位置不固定,可前可后,人称代词与名词性成分之间是加合关系；而英语中的第一、第二人称代词可以与名词性成分组合构成限定词短语,人称代词充当限定词必须居前。4.汉语中有三类话题结构：汉语式话题结构、状语话题结构、标志语话题结构。汉语式话题结构中不存在人称代词的隐现问题；状语话题结构中,述题部分的人称代词在句法规则允许的情况下可以自由隐现,否则述题中的人称代词必须出现；标志语话题结构中,述题部分不能出现复指的人称代词。而英语中只有状语话题结构,述题中的人称代词必须出现。相同的是,汉英状语话题结构述题部分中的人称代词都体现出篇章回指功能。5.动词短语的结构中带有VP壳,汉语中没有双及物动词,动词短语的结构中存在空位,动词和数量成分之间可以插入虚指的人称代词“他/它”,做数量成分的焦点标记；而英语中的人称代词没有这种用法。6.汉语主语位置上可以使用虚指的人称代词“他/它”,英语中也存在由虚指的人称代词it充当的虚主语。不同的是,汉语中主语位置上的虚指代词“他/它”是语用的需要,可以省略,而英语中主语位置上虚指代词“it”是必选型格位指派者的必然要求,不能省略。上述与人称代词相关的各种现象都指向一个理论：代词是有音无义的语言单位,是与实词、虚词并立的词类。汉语人称代词是与名词对应的代词,具有名词性,而英语人称代词是与虚词(即功能语类)对应的代词,具有功能性。汉英人称代词都需要通过先行语获得所指,造成二者都具有篇章回指功能,所以在汉英状语话题结构中,述题部分中可以使用人称代词回指话题。代词与空语类在词类特征上的差异导致二者的句法表现形成鲜明的对照,空语类由于没有语音形式,所以无法在语音层面实现,在句法中只能表现为空位；而代词作为有音无义的成分,可以在某个句法位置上起占位作用。如果人称代词在语境中找不到先行语,那么人称代词就可以在某个句法位置上起占位作用,因此汉语人称代词“他/它”和英语人称代词it在主语等句法位置上可以是虚指的。
[Abstract]:Pronouns are a controversial part of speech in the Chinese grammar system. Whether pronouns can be categorized independently, whether they belong to real words or function words is still uncertain. Personal pronouns are generally recognized as pronouns in Chinese. Therefore, this paper chooses personal pronouns as the research object, hoping to have a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of pronouns through the study of personal pronouns. By comparison, the similarities and differences in the use of personal pronouns in Chinese and English are as follows: 1. Personal pronouns in Chinese are nominal, and both have the characteristics of [+definite] Personal pronouns can be modified, and the stylistic features of written language determine that the phenomenon of personal pronouns being modified mostly exists in written language; and English personal pronouns are functional, generally can not be modified, only in extremely limited circumstances when used as nouns, personal pronouns can take modifiers. 2. Chinese is a language without DP, bare nouns can be. As subject, personal pronouns in attributive positions are necessary for pragmatics and can not be used; while English is a language with DP, bare nouns can not be used as subject directly, and possessive personal pronouns before nouns are necessary components of determinant phrases (DP) and can not be omitted. 3. Almost all personal pronouns in Chinese can be used with nominal components. There are three types of topic structures in Chinese: Chinese-style topic structure, and Chinese-style topic structure. There is no hidden problem of personal pronouns in the Chinese-style topic structure; in the adverbial topic structure, personal pronouns in the topic part can be freely hidden if the syntactic rules permit, otherwise personal pronouns in the topic must appear; in the marker topic structure, the topic part can not appear. Similarly, the personal pronouns in both Chinese and English adverbial topic structures embody textual anaphoric functions. 5. The structure of verb phrases has a VP shell, there are no ditransitive verbs in Chinese, and there are vacancies in the structure of verb phrases. In English, the personal pronoun "he/it" can be inserted between the verb and the quantitative pronoun as the focus marker of the quantitative pronoun, while the personal pronoun in English has no such usage. The above phenomena related to personal pronouns all point to a theory that pronouns are linguistic units of sound and meaninglessness, and that pronouns are linguistic units of sound and meaninglessness. Personal pronouns in Chinese are the pronouns corresponding to nouns, and personal pronouns in English are the pronouns corresponding to functions. Both Chinese and English personal pronouns need to get their referents through antecedents, so they both have textual anaphora functions. Therefore, in Chinese and English adverbial topic complexes, personal pronouns are functional pronouns. Personal pronouns can be used to anaphorize the topic in the thesis. The differences between pronouns and empty categories lead to a sharp contrast in their syntactic expression. If the personal pronoun can not find the antecedent in the context, then the personal pronoun can play a role in a certain syntactic position, so the Chinese personal pronoun "he/it" and the English personal pronoun it can be virtual in such syntactic positions as the subject.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H146
本文编号：2194718
[Abstract]:Pronouns are a controversial part of speech in the Chinese grammar system. Whether pronouns can be categorized independently, whether they belong to real words or function words is still uncertain. Personal pronouns are generally recognized as pronouns in Chinese. Therefore, this paper chooses personal pronouns as the research object, hoping to have a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of pronouns through the study of personal pronouns. By comparison, the similarities and differences in the use of personal pronouns in Chinese and English are as follows: 1. Personal pronouns in Chinese are nominal, and both have the characteristics of [+definite] Personal pronouns can be modified, and the stylistic features of written language determine that the phenomenon of personal pronouns being modified mostly exists in written language; and English personal pronouns are functional, generally can not be modified, only in extremely limited circumstances when used as nouns, personal pronouns can take modifiers. 2. Chinese is a language without DP, bare nouns can be. As subject, personal pronouns in attributive positions are necessary for pragmatics and can not be used; while English is a language with DP, bare nouns can not be used as subject directly, and possessive personal pronouns before nouns are necessary components of determinant phrases (DP) and can not be omitted. 3. Almost all personal pronouns in Chinese can be used with nominal components. There are three types of topic structures in Chinese: Chinese-style topic structure, and Chinese-style topic structure. There is no hidden problem of personal pronouns in the Chinese-style topic structure; in the adverbial topic structure, personal pronouns in the topic part can be freely hidden if the syntactic rules permit, otherwise personal pronouns in the topic must appear; in the marker topic structure, the topic part can not appear. Similarly, the personal pronouns in both Chinese and English adverbial topic structures embody textual anaphoric functions. 5. The structure of verb phrases has a VP shell, there are no ditransitive verbs in Chinese, and there are vacancies in the structure of verb phrases. In English, the personal pronoun "he/it" can be inserted between the verb and the quantitative pronoun as the focus marker of the quantitative pronoun, while the personal pronoun in English has no such usage. The above phenomena related to personal pronouns all point to a theory that pronouns are linguistic units of sound and meaninglessness, and that pronouns are linguistic units of sound and meaninglessness. Personal pronouns in Chinese are the pronouns corresponding to nouns, and personal pronouns in English are the pronouns corresponding to functions. Both Chinese and English personal pronouns need to get their referents through antecedents, so they both have textual anaphora functions. Therefore, in Chinese and English adverbial topic complexes, personal pronouns are functional pronouns. Personal pronouns can be used to anaphorize the topic in the thesis. The differences between pronouns and empty categories lead to a sharp contrast in their syntactic expression. If the personal pronoun can not find the antecedent in the context, then the personal pronoun can play a role in a certain syntactic position, so the Chinese personal pronoun "he/it" and the English personal pronoun it can be virtual in such syntactic positions as the subject.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H146
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相关期刊论文 前3条
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