现代汉语实据性的认知阐释

发布时间：2018-09-04 13:25

【摘要】：众所周知,在20世纪50年代的欧、美国家发生了一场“认知革命”,诞生了认知科学。认知科学是研究人类从感觉到思维信息加工过程的科学,包括从感觉输入到复杂问题的求解,从人类个体到人类社会的智能活动,以及人类智能与机器智能的性质。(史忠植余志华1990) 1999年,美国学者雷可夫和约翰逊进一步阐明认知科学是研究概念系统的科学,是以经验为依据对心智进行研究的科学,并将认知科学划分为第一代认知科学和第二代认知科学。 21世纪伊始,霍华德(Howard2004)提出了第三代认知科学,即认知神经科学。它采用高科技脑成像技术和计算机模拟技术,阐释认知活动、语言能力与脑神经的复杂关系,揭示了人脑高级加工功能的奥秘。(齐振海,彭聃龄2007) 认知科学视域下的语言研究更加注重语言的生物学基础(Chomsky2005),侧重研究人类生物属性中与语言使用和习得紧密相关的“语言机能”。乔姆斯基认为语言机能是自然世界里的组成部分,应采用半个世纪前就已显著发展并且一直得到广泛关注的生物学方法去关注和探讨语言内化的认知机制。第二代和第三代认知科学试图利用先进的科学技术(即脑成像技术),研究语言产生和理解的认知神经机制,揭示人脑高级加工功能的奥秘。因此,此类研究具有十分重要的理论意义及广阔的应用价值。语言是人类所独有的交际工具,对语言的认知研究已经成为生物语言学、认知语言学和神经语言学的重要课题。本论文试图运用认知语言学的相关理论,诠释现代汉语“视—知—言”连续统实据性及实据性成分,揭示汉民族语言的实据性及实据性成分背后所隐含的认知机制及文化理据。首先,本论文在第二章对人类语言的实据性进行了客观性的描写,考察了常用实据成分的使用场合、原因和方式；其次,本论文运用最新语言主观性理论、交互主观性理论、构式语法理论、心智空间理论,阐释了汉语实据性及实据成分背后所隐含的认知机制；其三,本论文在收集了大量现代汉语语料的基础上,对汉语实据性及实据性成分背后所隐含的认知机制进行了实证性研究与分析；其四,本论文在揭示现代汉语实据性及实据成分背后隐含的认知机制及文化理据的同时,也为国内少数民族语言开展实据性研究提供了理论依据及研究范式。第一章简要地介绍了论文的研究背景及研究意义。人们在使用语言的过程中总是要自觉或不自觉地表达自己所说话语的来源,以显示话语的可靠性,这就是语言的实据功能(evidential function),其成分包括词汇、短语、插入语、句法等。换句话说,就是听话人能够根据说话人使用词、短语、句法来判断其所说的话语是否可信,话语的来源是否可靠。我们所采用的语料主要是书面语语料,主要来源于超过2亿汉字的北京大学CCL语料库和《中国现代文学百部名著》里的现代文学作家的作品。第二章介绍了语言实据性的定义、使用场合、产生的动因及理解方式,综述了国外实据性研究的四大理论：Chafe理论(1986)、Anderson理论(1986)、Palmer理论(2001)和Aikhenvald理论(2004)。其次,论文对语言的实据性进行了狭义实据性与广义实据性分类。第三章详述了语言实据性研究的四大理论,分别是：语言主观性、交互主观性、构式语法及心智空间。语言主观性认为当说话人述说一个信息时,他有必要为他如何获取这个信息采取一个“姿态”,这个“姿态”就是说话人对信息的认识立场。认识立场是信息建构的一个必要组成部分,和其他必要组成部分共同发挥着作用。促使说话人采取某一认识立场的动机是语用问题,只有分析说话人表述知识状况的语言策略才能知晓。第四章选用了汉语“感官动词”、“认知动词”和“言说动词”三类,它们属于心理动词范围,具有十分重要的研究价值。感官词的分类基于“感知事件”的认知划分,任何一个感知事件都可以被描述为一个语义框架,在该框架中,存在着三类语义实体——感知主体、感知动作／行为、感知结果,分别对应于三类词法范畴——感官名词、感官动词、感官性质词。按照“五觉”的自然分类,感官词可以分为视觉词、听觉词、嗅觉词、味觉词和触觉词五类。第五章介绍了语法化的定义：通常指语言中意义实在的词转化为无实在意义、表语法功能成分的词,这一演变过程或现象在中国传统语言学里被称为“实词虚化”。本论文所研究的语法化为狭义的语法化,即实词演变成语法标记、语法范畴、语法构造或惯用表达的过程或现象。其内容主要研究感官动词“看类”、认知动词“想类”和言说动词“言类”是如何从实词演变为具有实据性意义的“话语标记”的。在第六章,我们得出以下结论：现代汉语实据性背后的认知机制为：语法化的认知机制、概念隐喻的认知机制、词汇化的认知机制及文化的理据性。论文以三代认知科学为研究基础,乔姆斯基认为语言研究是生物学分支,雷可夫和约翰逊认为语言、认知及思维根植于有机体的感觉运动系统,霍华德认为利用脑成像技术,可以揭示语言与脑神经的奥秘。认知科学为语言的认知研究,特别是现代汉语实据性研究指明了发展方向。今后,作者将从两个方面继续从事相关的研究：继续就现代汉语感官动词、认知动词和言说动词进行全面深入的研究,穷尽其语义、句法、语用及篇章用法；继续深入探讨汉语实据性的内容,可以把实据性的研究运用到对外交流之中,以促进国与国之间、民族之间的相互理解,增进相互间的友谊。
[Abstract]:As is known to all, in Europe in the 1950s, a "cognitive revolution" took place in the United States, giving birth to cognitive science. Cognitive science is a science that studies the process of human beings'sensory thinking information processing, from sensory input to the solution of complex problems, from the intelligent activities of human individuals to human society, as well as human intelligence and machine intelligence. The nature of energy. (Shi Zhongzhi Yu Zhihua 1990)
In 1999, American scholars Rakoff and Johnson further clarified that cognitive science is the science of conceptual system, the science of mind based on experience, and divided cognitive science into the first generation of cognitive science and the second generation of cognitive science.
At the beginning of the 21st century, Howard (2004) proposed the third generation of cognitive science, cognitive neuroscience. It uses high-tech brain imaging technology and computer simulation technology to explain the complex relationship between cognitive activity, language ability and brain nerves, revealing the mystery of advanced processing function of the human brain. (Qi Zhenhai, Peng Guling, 2007)
Language research from the perspective of cognitive science pays more attention to the biological basis of language (Chomsky 2005), focusing on the "language functions" closely related to language use and acquisition in human biological attributes. We should pay close attention to the biological methods to pay attention to and explore the cognitive mechanism of language internalization.
The second and third generations of cognitive science attempt to use advanced science and technology (i.e. brain imaging technology) to study the cognitive neural mechanism of language production and understanding and to reveal the mystery of human brain's advanced processing function.
Language is a unique communicative tool for human beings, and the cognitive study of language has become an important topic in biolinguistics, cognitive linguistics and neurolinguistics.This paper attempts to use the relevant theories of cognitive linguistics to interpret the evidential and evidential components of the continuum of "sight-knowledge-speech" in modern Chinese and reveal the evidential elements of the language of the Han nationality. The cognitive mechanism and cultural motivation behind sexual and evidential elements. Firstly, this thesis describes objectively the evidentiality of human language in Chapter 2, examining the occasions, reasons and ways in which the commonly used evidential elements are used. Secondly, this thesis applies the latest Linguistic Subjectivity theory, the theory of interactive subjectivity, and the theory of constructive grammar. On the basis of the theory of mental space, this paper explains the cognitive mechanism behind the evidential and evidential components of Chinese; thirdly, on the basis of collecting a large number of modern Chinese corpus, this paper makes an empirical study and analysis of the cognitive mechanism behind the evidential and evidential components of Chinese; fourthly, this paper reveals the modern Chinese language. At the same time, the cognitive mechanism and cultural motivation behind the evidence and its components also provide theoretical basis and research paradigm for the empirical study of minority languages in China.
Chapter One gives a brief introduction to the background and significance of the study. In the process of using language, people always consciously or unconsciously express the source of their utterances in order to show the reliability of their utterances. This is the evidential function of language. Its components include vocabulary, phrases, parentheses, syntax and so on. The corpus we use is mainly written corpus, mainly from the Beijing University CCL corpus with more than 200 million Chinese characters and the modern literary writers in the 100 Masterpieces of modern Chinese literature. Works.
Chapter 2 introduces the definition, use situation, motivation and comprehension of linguistic evidence, and summarizes four theories of empirical research abroad: Chafe Theory (1986), Anderson Theory (1986), Palmer Theory (2001) and Aikhenvald Theory (2004). Secondly, the thesis makes a distinction between narrow and broad empirical evidence of linguistic evidence. Class.
Chapter 3 elaborates on four theories of linguistic evidential research, namely, linguistic subjectivity, interactive subjectivity, constructive grammar and mental space. Cognitive stance is an essential component of information construction and plays a role with other necessary components. The motivation for a speaker to adopt a cognitive position is a pragmatic problem, which can only be known by analyzing the linguistic strategies used by the speaker to express his knowledge.
Chapter 4 chooses three types of Chinese sensory verbs, cognitive verbs and verbs of speech, which belong to the scope of psychological verbs and are of great research value. According to the natural classification of "five senses", sensory words can be divided into five categories: visual words, auditory words, olfactory words, taste words and tactile words.
Chapter Five introduces the definition of grammaticalization: usually refers to the transformation of words with real meaning into words with no real meaning and expressing grammatical functional components, which is called "substantive emptiness" in traditional Chinese linguistics. Categories, grammatical constructions, or processes or phenomena of idiomatic expression. The main contents of the study are the sensory verb "Kan Lei", the cognitive verb "Wan Lei" and the verb "Speech Lei" how to evolve from the notional verb into the substantiative "discourse marker".
In Chapter 6, we draw the following conclusions: the cognitive mechanism behind the substantiality of modern Chinese is grammaticalization, conceptual metaphor, Lexicalization and cultural motivation.
Based on three generations of cognitive science, Chomsky believes that language research is a branch of biology. Rakoff and Johnson believe that language, cognition and thinking are rooted in the sensorimotor system of organisms. Howard believes that the use of brain imaging technology can reveal the mysteries of language and brain nerves. It is pointed out that the development direction of modern Chinese is based on the evidence theory.
In the future, the author will continue to conduct relevant research from two aspects: continue to conduct a comprehensive and in-depth study of sensory verbs, cognitive verbs and verbs of speech in modern Chinese, exhausting their semantics, syntax, pragmatics and textual usage; continue to explore the content of Chinese substantiality, we can apply the research of substantiality to foreign exchanges. Promote mutual understanding among nations and enhance mutual friendship.
【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H146

【参考文献】