“想不X都难”及同义构式比较

发布时间：2018-11-03 18:35

【摘要】：本文运用认知语法、构式语法理论全面考察汉语新兴构式“想不X都难”。构式是由“N一定会X的，就算N不想X都难”隐去肯定义的小句，省略关联词形成的紧缩句。其实现机制是遵循了语言的经济性原则。该构式在形式和表义方面具有以下特点，首先，“想不X都难”构式中的常量“都”是表示强调的语气副词；常量“想”和“难”具有一定的情态功能；构式中的变量“X”可以是光杆形容词、光杆动词、动宾短语、述补短语和并列短语等形式。“想不X都难”构式传达一种反预期逆转的主观极量肯定义。 “想不X都难”构式是黏着性结构，不可以单独成句，需要有表示原因的先行小句、表示条件的先行小句或既表原因又表条件的先行小句。在构式“想不X都难”构成的语句中，隐含了一个名词性指称成分，当隐含的名词性指称成分是确定性指称时，指称对象精确而具体，所以构式与其所依附的先行小句关联很紧密，，这时构式往往是根据先行小句进行推理或判断的结果，叙述性和客观性较强；当隐含的名词性指称成分是不确定性指称时，泛指的对象并不具体，构式与先行小句的关联较紧密，综合语境和说话人情态来看，此时构式多传达一种规劝、推测、广而告之的宣传意味。 “想不X都难”构式多出现在网络新闻标题和日常口语中，这与它特殊的表达效果有关。在网络语境中，构式“想不X都难”以凝练、新颖、反预期等表达效果，迎合了网络受众的快捷、求新、求异的交际心理。日常口语交际中，人们也常用构式“想不X都难”来传情达意。比如“想不赢”不是人们常规的说法，因为人都想“赢”不会想“不赢”，这是趋利避害的人之常情。人们说“想不赢都难”恰恰以反预期的逆转表达，来强化自己的肯定意思，表达出强烈的感情倾向。 “想不X都难”、“怎么能不X呢”和“不可能不X”三个同义构式基本信息相似、深层语义相似、前提信息相似。不同的是，形式方面三个构式属于不同类型的双重否定形式；表义方面，就语义强度看，三个构式由强到弱依次为：“想不X都难”→“怎么能不X呢”→“不可能不X”；认知方面，三个构式需要的认知条件有细微差异。本文力求多方位、多角度地探讨构式“想不X都难”的形式特点，探讨其独特的反预期逆转表达方式及其主观极量肯定义的强调表达效果。全面认识新出现的、被高频率使用的构式“想不X都难”，同时比较它与同义构式之间的用法差异。
[Abstract]:In this paper, the cognitive grammar and the theory of construction grammar are used to investigate the new Chinese construction "hard to think without X". The construction is composed of "N must be able to X, even if N does not want X" to omit the defined clause and omit the condensed sentence formed by the relative word. The realization mechanism follows the economic principle of language. The construction has the following characteristics in terms of form and meaning: first of all, the constant "all" in the construction is a modal adverb, the constant "think" and "difficult" have a certain modal function. The variable "X" in the construction can be a bare adjective, a bare verb, a verb-object phrase, a verb-complement phrase and a juxtaposition phrase. "it is difficult to think of X or not" conveys a subjective positive meaning of reverse expectation. The construction of "hard to think without X" is a sticky structure, which can not be made into a single sentence. It needs a leading clause to express the reason, a antecedent clause to indicate the condition or a leading clause to indicate both the reason and the condition. In the construction of "not to think X is difficult" sentence, implied a nominal reference element, when the implied nominal reference element is deterministic reference, the referential object is accurate and specific. Therefore, the construction is closely related to the preceding clause, which is usually the result of reasoning or judgment according to the preceding clause, with strong narrative and objectivity. When the implied nominally referential element is an uncertain reference, the object of the general reference is not specific, and the construction is closely related to the antecedent clause. From the perspective of the context and the speaker's modality, the construction conveys a kind of exhortation and conjecture. The publicity of publicity. The construction of "hard to think or not X" appears in the network news headlines and daily spoken English, which is related to its special expression effect. In the network context, the expression of "it is difficult to think of X or not" is condensed, novel and counter-expected, which caters to the network audience's communicative psychology of quickness, novelty and difference. In daily oral communication, people often use the phrase "not X difficult" to convey feelings. For example, "do not win" is not the conventional saying, because people want to "win" do not want to "do not win", this is the natural advantage and avoid harm. People say that "it is hard to win if you don't want to win" to reinforce their positive meaning and express a strong emotional tendency with the reverse expression of anti-expectation. "it is difficult to think of X", "how can not X" and "impossible not X" three synonyms of basic information similar, deep semantic similarity, premise information similarity. In terms of semantic intensity, the three constructions in turn from strong to weak are: "it is difficult not to think of X" how can "not X" be "impossible without X", which is different from that of form to form, that is to say, in terms of semantic intensity, the three constructions belong to different types of double negative forms, and in terms of semantic intensity, the three constructions in turn are: "hard to think of X"; In the cognitive aspect, the cognitive conditions needed by the three constructions are slightly different. In this paper, we try to explore the formal characteristics of the construction of "hard to think without X" from various angles, and discuss its unique reverse expression mode and the effect of emphasis on the definition of subjective maximum. A comprehensive understanding of the emerging, high-frequency construction "hard to think not X", and to compare the usage difference between it and synonyms.
【学位授予单位】：哈尔滨师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H146

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