语言学视角下的中西战争神话语篇比较研究

发布时间：2018-12-15 22:52

【摘要】：神话的研究历史源远流长，在西方，关于神话的研究最早可以追溯到古希腊时期，如以格林兄弟为代表的神话学派、以泰勒为代表的人类学派等等；与此同时，中国神话研究也持续了百年之久。但是仔细回顾了中西神话的研究历程之后，可以发现，采用语言学的方法对神话展开的研究少之又少。本文的目标是采用语言学的方法，从词、句、语篇三个角度对选取的战争神话展开研究，以期发现中西在早期思维特征、中英语言语法特征以及语篇等方面的异同。本文基于黄帝蚩尤之战以及宙斯提坦神之战神话语篇，首先回顾了中西神话学的研究历程；然后采用语言学的方法，分别以中国训诂学以及西方历史比较语言学的方法、Hockett’s IA model以及Halliday、Hasan的衔接理论，分别从词（神名）、神话语句以及神话语篇三个层次展开神名词源、中国古文言文以及英语语句语法特征、以及中西神话语篇的逻辑衔接和叙述模式的研究。最后，借助中西方思维方式以及哲学观的阐述对以上研究成果做出了语言哲学解释。通过研究，作者得到了以下发现，中西战争神话既存在相似之处，又有不同。相似之处在于其神话语篇的叙述模式，即选取的神话的语篇中均存在相同的人物角色设定以及故事情节。不同在于，1）在神名方面，上古时期两个民族的原始初民思维具有一定的共相性，即万物皆有灵，因而诸如风、雨、雷电等自然现象在原始初民看来都是神的意志和行为；2）在神话语句方面，一方面，这两种不同语言在包括语序、词类活用、句式等方面有着惊人的语法相似；另一方面，在相似的句式或者语法现象中，词语，短语和句子的具体构成上却有很大的不同；3）在语篇层次上，古文言文以意合为主，因而中国神话语篇短小精湛，句际间没有明显的逻辑连接词，是读者责任性的语言；而英语以形合为主，句子之间有明显的逻辑连接词，而且句中词类会根据语篇环境的变化有相应的形态格式，因而是作者责任性的语言。作者发现，借助中西不同的哲学观以及思维特征，可以解释中西神话语篇中存在的诸多不同。“天人合一”以及与此密切相关联的整体性思维是中国古代哲学最为典型的特征之一，这不仅极大地促成了中国语言，尤其是古汉语以意合为主要特征，而且还影响了神话语篇的结局设定，即必定是象征着和谐、稳定的黄帝才是最终的胜利者。而西方哲学注重抽象、逻辑和理性，在这一思维的影响下，，一方面西方的语言逐渐发展为一种分析性、抽象性、理性的语言，并以形合为主要特征；另一方面，大量精确的数字运用于战争神话的描述之中。
[Abstract]:The study of mythology has a long history. In the West, the study of mythology can be traced back to the ancient Greek period, such as the mythology school represented by the Grimm brothers, the human school represented by Taylor and so on. At the same time, the study of Chinese mythology also lasted for a hundred years. However, after a careful review of the research process of Chinese and Western mythology, we can find that there are very few researches on mythology by linguistic methods. The aim of this thesis is to study the selected war myths from three angles of word, sentence and discourse, and to find out the similarities and differences between the Chinese and the western countries in the early thinking characteristics, the grammatical features of Chinese and English languages and the discourse. Based on the War of the Yellow Emperor Chiyou and the discourse of the God of War of Zeus, this paper reviews the course of the study of Chinese and Western mythology. Then using the linguistic method, respectively using the Chinese Exegetics and the Western Comparative Linguistics method, Hockett's IA model and Halliday,Hasan 's cohesion theory, respectively, from the word (God's name), There are three levels of mythical sentences and mythological discourses: the source of divine nouns, the grammatical features of ancient Chinese classical Chinese and English sentences, and the logical cohesion and narrative models of Chinese and Western mythical discourse. Finally, with the help of Chinese and western thinking mode and the elaboration of philosophy view, this paper makes a philosophical explanation of the above research results. Through the study, the author finds that there are similarities and differences between Chinese and Western war myths. The similarity lies in the narrative pattern of its mythical discourse, that is, the same character role setting and story plot in the selected mythological discourse. The difference lies in: 1) in the aspect of the name of God, the thinking of primitive people of the two nations in ancient times had a certain commonality, that is, all things were animate, so natural phenomena such as wind, rain, thunder and lightning were all the will and behavior of God in the primitive people; 2) in the aspect of mythological sentences, on the one hand, the two different languages have striking grammatical similarities in terms of word order, part of speech usage, sentence structure, and so on; On the other hand, in the similar sentence structure or grammatical phenomenon, the concrete constitution of words, phrases and sentences is quite different; 3) at the discourse level, the ancient classical Chinese is mainly parataxis, so the Chinese mythological discourse is short and exquisite, and there are no obvious logical connectors between sentences, so it is the reader's responsible language; However, English is dominated by hypotaxis, with obvious logical connectives between sentences, and parts of speech in sentences have corresponding morphological forms according to the change of discourse environment, so they are the responsible language of the author. The author finds that many differences in Chinese and Western mythological discourse can be explained by the different philosophic views and thinking characteristics of Chinese and western countries. One of the most typical features of ancient Chinese philosophy is "the unity of nature and man" and its closely related holistic thinking, which not only contributes greatly to the Chinese language, especially ancient Chinese, but also takes parataxis as the main feature. It also influences the endings of mythological discourse, that is, the stable Yellow Emperor is the ultimate victor. Western philosophy pays attention to abstraction, logic and rationality. Under the influence of this thinking, on the one hand, the western language gradually develops into an analytical, abstract and rational language with the main characteristics of hypotaxis. On the other hand, a large number of precise numbers are used in the description of war myths.
【学位授予单位】：上海师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H15;H315

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