从用如动宾的离合词看词化

发布时间：2019-05-17 21:25

【摘要】：词化是“一种语言单位(跨层结构、字+字、词组、句法结构……)向词历史地演化的过程和结果”,它分两种情况,一种是渐进性的过程,指非词单位(多是指短语)凝固化为一个词的过程,是历时性的；一种是指在这一凝固过程中的任一状态,也就是词化进程中的成果,它是静态的,是从共时的角度来看的。离合词从静态的角度来看,它既不是词也不是短语,它就是一个词和短语的“中间状态”,是一个“特殊的词”。但从动态来看,它是词化这一现象的直接体现,它处于短语固化为词的中间过渡地带,是我们研究词化、揭示词化的关键一环。所谓“窥一斑而知全豹”,通过对离合词的演化过程分析,我们可以更清晰地看到整个词化现象的过程和机制。而用如动宾的离合词,是一个封闭的集合,是无数离合词当中可以列举且具有代表性的一部分特色群体。由于离合词大多数都是动宾型的结构,而用如动宾的这一部分本不是动宾结构,只是由于错误类推等原因造成了他们的动宾性,因此更具有特殊性和代表性。赵淑华、张宝林(1996)对《汉语水平词汇与汉字等级大纲》中3590个动词(含兼属动词和他类词的兼类词)和短语的筛选,共选出非动宾式而用如动宾式的动名组合的离合词共7个：鞠躬、洗澡、游泳、睡觉、游行、考试、登记。这七个离合词既有个性又有共性。个性之处是他们各有各的词化过程,其起止时间、词化程度、成词来历等略有不同,这更有利于充分展示词化这一现象的全貌及其复杂性,更能全面代表离合词这一群体；而共同之处则是他们都经历了偶合——复呈——词化三个阶段,都伴随有词性变化现象,都因错误的类推导致结构发生了重新分析等,这些共同之处的揭示便是对词化的过程、性质的揭示,同时也是词化的研究成果,它将有力地推动词化研究继续深入前进。离合词的“过渡性”为我们提供了研究词化的绝佳视角,而用如动宾的离合词又是我们窥视离合词的小窗口。通过归纳法对洗澡等七个离合词先分析后总结,我们得出这样一个结论：他们的词化过程相同,词化的动因相同,词化的机制相同。从此推而广之,我们进一步总结出词化的一般性规律：一、词化是个历时性过程,但个体会因出现的场合、使用的频率等因素的不同导致词化过程的历时长短不一。二、词化是个阶段性的过程,某个阶段这个语言单位可能正处于词化的萌芽阶段,也可能是过渡阶段,也可能是成词阶段,也有可能是“去词化”阶段,总之,具体情况具体分析,不能以偏概全。更不能对这一语言单位采取“刚性”判定,固执地认为它非此即彼,否认它的过渡性,否认语言的发展性、历时性。语言单位的判定呼唤“柔性”,这也是基于客观事实做出的理性抉择。三、词化的过程一般都是三个阶段：偶合——复呈——词化。四、词化的发生是有原因的,一般与该语言单位的线性相邻、使用频率以及人们的习惯类推有关。
[Abstract]:The morphing is a "A language unit (cross-layer structure, word + word, phrase, and sentence structure).) the process and result of the evolution of word history", it is divided into two situations, one is the process of progressive, and the process of setting the non-word unit (more refers to the phrase) to a word is diachronic; one refers to any state in the solidification process, that is, the result in the process of morphing, it is static, From a common point of view. From a static point of view, the clutch word is neither a word nor a phrase, it is a "intermediate state" of words and phrases, and is a "a special word". But from the view of the dynamic, it is the direct expression of this phenomenon, it is in the middle transition zone of the word cure as the word, it is the key link of the study of the word and the word. The so-called "A glimpse of the panther", through the analysis of the evolution of the clutch word, we can see the process and mechanism of the whole morphing phenomenon more clearly. The clutch word, such as the moving object, is a closed set, which is a part of a number of characteristic groups that can be listed and have a representative character among the numerous clutch words. Because most of the clutch words are of the structure of the moving object type, and the part of the clutch is not the moving object structure, the reason of the error and so on causes their kinking, so it is more specific and representative. Zhao Shuhua, Zhang Baolin (1996), screened the 3590 verbs (including the part-and-the-class words of the verb and his class words) and the phrase of the , and the non-moving object type was selected, and 7 of the clutch words, such as the moving name combination of the moving object type, were selected: bowing, bathing, swimming, Sleep, parades, exams, registration. The seven clutch words have both personality and common character. The individual character is that they have different word-making processes, and the start-and-stop time, the degree of morphing and the generation of the word are slightly different, which is more conducive to the full display of the whole picture and the complexity of the phenomenon, and can more fully represent the group of the clutch words. The common thing is that they all go through the three stages of the coupling _ complex to the word-morphing, all of which are accompanied by the phenomenon of the change of the word, and because of the error of the analogy, the structure has been re-analyzed and so on, and the revelation of these things is the revelation of the process and the nature of the morphing. At the same time, it is also a part of the research of the word-making, and it will push the study of the word-making to advance. The "transitional" of the clutch word provides an excellent perspective for the study of the word-to-word, while the clutch word, such as the moving object, is the small window of our peephole. After analyzing the seven clutch words, such as bath and the like, we draw a conclusion that their morphing process is the same as that of the word-making process, and the morphing mechanism is the same. From then on, we further summarize the general rule of morphing: one, the morphing is a diachronic process, but the duration of the process of morphing can not be caused by the different factors such as the frequency of the occurrence, the frequency used and the like. One. Two, the morphing is a step-by-step process. In some stage, the language unit may be in the embryonic stage of the word-formation, it may also be the transition stage, it may be the word-forming stage, it is also possible to be the "word-to-word" stage, in general, the case-by-case analysis, can't take the almost however, it is not necessary to take a "rigidity" decision on this language unit, and stubbornly believe that it is not that one, deny it's transition, deny the development, duration of the language, The judgment of the language unit calls for the "flexibility", which is also based on the objective fact. Alternative. Three, the process of morphing is generally three stages: the coupling _ complex is _ word 4. The occurrence of the word formation is the cause of the occurrence, and is generally adjacent to the linear neighbor of the language unit, the frequency of use and the habit of the people, and so on.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H146

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