楚帛书词法研究

发布时间：2019-06-19 02:19

【摘要】：长沙子弹库战国楚帛书，出土于1942年，是出土最早的战国简帛文献。楚帛书的研究仅有七十多年的历史，其研究成果丰富，但其语法研究成果却相对匮乏。我们从词法的角度，对楚帛书中的实词、虚词进行穷尽式的专门研究，尝试描述其语法特征与语法功能，以填补楚帛书研究中词法研究方面的空白。楚帛书中的实词分为名词、动词、形容词、数量词、代词等五类。第一，名词数量众多，分为称人名词、指物名词、处所名词、方位名词、时间名词五类。其中称人名词30个，指物名词115个，处所名词12个，方位名词7个，时间名词8个，共172个。名词的语法特征为能够受名词、数词、代词、动词、形容词修饰，并未发现副词修饰名词的例子。其语法功能为充当句子的主语、宾语、定语、谓语和状语。另外，名词的活用现象很少，均活用为动词。第二，动词的数量仅次于名词，共129个，其中及物动词60个，不及物动词69个。动词内存在兼类现象，能够受副词修饰，一般可以带宾语。动词主要作谓语，还可作主语、宾语、定语，极少作状语、补语。动词可以连用，有作连动式谓语、同义动词的连用和反义动词连用三种情况。第三，形容词共有26个，分属于性质形容词和状态形容词两类，分别为20个和6个。形容词的语法特征是能受副词的修饰，不能带宾语。形容词，尤其是表状态的形容词可以重叠。形容词的语法功能是可以作定语、主语、宾语、谓语或谓语中心，极少作补语。第四，数词包括基数词、序数词两类，其中序数词有表具体日期、长幼次序以及其他专有的纪年或表次序的词构成。数词一般直接修饰名词。其语法功能为能直接作定语、状语，还可以与名词构成定中结构作句子的主语。第五，楚帛书中未出现严格意义上的量词。第六，代词数量很少，仅有4个，分别为人称代词“l（厥）”、“之”、“亓（其）”和指示代词“是”。其主要的语法功能为充当句子的定语、主语、谓语，指示代词“是”还可以充当状语成分。楚帛书中的虚词包括副词、介词、连词、助词、语气词五类。第一，副词主要有程度副词2个、时间副词7个、否定副词6个、关联副词1个、范围副词4个、累加副词1个。副词有修饰动词性谓语、形容词性谓语、数量短语、主谓短语的语法特征，帛书中副词的语法功能为在句中作状语。第二，共有“自”、“于”、“（以）”、“在”4个介词。其中“自”引进行为动作发生的地点；“于”引进地点名词、方位名词、代词和名词。以上两个均与引入的内容构成介宾短语，放在谓语之后。“（以）”可以引入代词、名词构成介宾短语，放在谓语之前。“才（在）”可以引入行为动作的处所。介词可与宾语构成介宾短语充当状语和补语，个别介词可省略宾语直接修饰谓语中心词作状语。第三，连词共有“（以）”、“则”、“女（如）”、“隹（惟）”、“（由）”、“有（又）”等六个。从表达关系上分有目的连词、原因连词、结果连词、并列连词、顺承连词、假设连词。连词只起连接作用，不能独立作句子成分，也没有修饰作用。第四，助词是汉语各词类中独立性最差，意义最不实在的虚词，不能单独使用或充当句子成分。楚帛书中的共有三个助词，分别为作前缀的语缀助词“又（有）”、结构助词“之”与“是”。“有”可以放在专有名词前构成附加式合成词，，或放在单音节形容词之前；“之”一般在定语和中心语之间，或在主语和谓语之间使之成为偏正的定中结构。第五，语气词共5个，分别为句首语气词“曰”、“思（使）”、“隹（惟）”，句末语气词“哉”和句尾语气词“吁”。三个句首语气词均用于陈述语气表达中，“哉”用在祈使句中表感叹语气。楚帛书基本上继承了上古汉语词法的特点。作为出土战国文献，楚帛书一直深居地下，未因传抄、刻印等产生各种讹误，是最为真实的先秦语料之一，可弥补传世文献作为语料研究的不足，对研究战国时期的语言现象与语言问题，有极其重要的价值。虽然由于篇幅的限制，楚帛书所能反映出来的语法现象有限，但是不能因为在楚帛书中某些语法现象未能得到反映，而轻易断定该语法现象在战国时期不存在。
[Abstract]:The Chu of the Warring States of Changsha, which was unearthed in 1942, was the earliest of the Warring States and the Warring States Period. The study of Chu's book has only a history of more than 70 years, and its research results are rich, but the research results are relatively scarce. From the perspective of morphology, we have an exhaustive study on the real words and the virtual words in the Chu-shu book, and try to describe its grammatical features and grammatical functions to fill the blank of the lexical research in the study of Chu's book. The real words in the Chu's book are divided into the noun, the verb, the adjective, the quantifier, the pronoun, etc. The first, the number of nouns is a large number, divided into the name of the person, the term of the object, the noun of the place, the position and the noun, There are five types of nouns, among which, the term is 30, the term of the finger is 115, the place is 12, the position is 7, the time is 8, A total of 172. The grammatical feature of a noun is a noun, a number, a pronoun, a verb, an adjective, and no adverb modification. An example of a noun. Its grammatical function is to act as the subject, object, and language of the sentence. In addition, the use of nouns is very small, all of which The second, the number of the verb is the second only to the noun, of 129, among which,60 of the transitive verb, the composition In that verb, there are also some kind of phenomenon in the verb, which can be modified by the adverb. The verb is mainly a predicate, as well as a subject, an object, an object, and a few. A verb can be used in conjunction with a predicate, a predicate verb, and an anti-sense verb. In the third and the adjectives, there are 26, which belong to the two categories of the adjective and the state adjective. The grammatical feature of the adjective is that it can be modified by the adverb. A description of an adjective, especially a table state. The grammatical function of an adjective is a center of a sentence, a subject, an object, a predicate, or a predicate. Fourth, several words include the base number and the ordinal number, among which, the ordinal number has the specific date, the long-and-child order, and other special year or table. a word of order. A number of words are generally straight The grammatical function of a noun can be used as a fixed language, a adverbial, and a fixed structure with a noun. The subject of the sentence. The number of pronoun is very small, and there are only 4 pronouns, namely, "l (gg)", "It's a", "Cloth (it)" and demonstrative pronoun of personal pronouns. The main grammatical function is to serve as the attributive, subject, and predicate of the sentence. The "Yes" of the demonstrative pronoun can also be used. When the adverb, the preposition, the word, The first and the adverbs have two main adverbs, seven adverbs,6 negative adverbs, one associated adverb and one range. The adverbs are four, and the accumulation adverb is one. The adverb has the grammatical features of the modified verb, the adjective, the number, the main-predicate phrase, the adverb in the adverb. The grammar function is adverbial in the sentence. Second, there are "from", "Yu", "(in)",

"in " 4 prepositions. Where the "from" introduces the place where the action occurs; the "Yu" introduces the place noun , an orientation noun, a pronoun, and a noun. Both of the above are made up of the contents of the introduction. After being placed in a predicate, the "(in)" can be introduced into a pronoun, a noun. A reference phrase, before the predicate. "Only (in)" A place where an action can be introduced. The preposition can be used as a adverbial and a complement with the object, and the individual prepositions may omit the object straight. In the third, there are "(in)", "then", "Women (e.g.)", "No. (provided by)", "(by)", and

Yes (and " and the like. From the expression relationship, it is divided into the purpose of the word, the cause of the word, the result of the word, and the parallel connection." A word, a word, a word, a word, a word, a word, a word, a word, a word, a word, a word, a word, a word, a word, a word, a The fourth, the word-aid is the most independent of the most independent of the Chinese part of the word class, and the meaning is the least true of the false word, can't Use or act as a sentence component alone. There are three mnemonic words in the Chu's book, which are the prefix-based language-aid "also (with)", the structure-aid "It's a" and the "trunk>". "Yes" . The "have" can be placed before a noun to form an additional compound, or before a monosyllabic adjective; the "It's a" is usually between the attributive and the central, or between the subject and the predicate. The fifth and the fifth, respectively, are the "say", the "think (to make)", the "No. (provided by)", the end of the sentence, the "Oya" of the end of the sentence and the word of the end of the sentence. > "Xu" . The three sentences are used to state the expression of the tone, and the "Oya" To exclamation in the form of the imperative sentence. As a document of the Warring States Period, Chu's book has been deeply rooted in the ground. It is one of the most authentic pre-Qin materials, which can make up for the shortage of the literature as a corpus. The Language Phenomenon in the Warring States Period It is of great value to deal with the problem of language. Although it is limited by the length of the book, the grammatical phenomenon that can be reflected by the Chu-shu is limited, but it cannot be easily broken because some grammatical phenomena in the Chu's book are not reflected.
【学位授予单位】：曲阜师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H141

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