东乡语和兰州方言问候和告别言语行为的语用策略对比研究

发布时间：2018-01-01 22:06

本文关键词：东乡语和兰州方言问候和告别言语行为的语用策略对比研究　出处：《兰州大学》2016年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：语言是迄今为止人们最基本的日常交流途径,东乡语作为东乡族特有的语言,承载着该民族的历史和文化,但是现在东乡语已经成为国内公布的濒危语之一,因此保护东乡语势在必行。在大部分语言中,问候语和告别语是建立和维持社会关系的两种有效途径,在日常生活和交际中扮演着十分重要的角色。问候是人们之间情感交流和加强理解的不可缺少的因素,它意味着人际交往的开始,告别则意味着人际交往的结束,后者更加强调会话双方的关系。当问候或告别时,不同文化背景的人们会误解对方并导致语用失误。因此我们必须在问候和告别时基于不同的社会语用因素,这样就能够传递我们想要表达的意义。当然不管用何种方式,我们都需要保持礼貌,尽量使用合适的话语维持对方的面子。所以对两种不同社会背景下问候语和告别语的对比研究有着重要意义。之前对东乡语的研究主要集中在生态语言学和文化的角度,本研究则着重从社会语用学的角度进行分析。本研究从社会语用学的角度考察问候和告别言语行为,探讨礼貌与言语行为的关系,并考察年龄和权势因素对东乡族人们实施问候和告别语语用策略有何影响,同时探讨东乡语和兰州方言中人们实施问候和告别语的语用策略时有何异同以及产生异同的原因。本研究主要参考Blum-Kulka等人1989年的“跨文化言语行为实现研究项目”(CCSARP)的研究方法,通过访谈,录音录像,角色扮演获得自然和半自然语料,并基于这些语料,设计调查问卷,经过预测——修改——大范围的问卷调查的过程,收集语料。之后采用定量和定性两种研究方法,对东乡语和兰州方言实施问候和告别语的语用策略进行对比分析。本研究的对象分别来自土生土长的操东乡语和兰州方言的本族语使用者中,研究者随机选择东乡县汪集镇和榆中县高崖镇村民各330名作为受试。其中东乡族男性青年55人,男性中年55人,男性老年55人,女性同上。兰州汉族男性青年,中年,老年各55人,女性同上,年龄均在16到70岁之间。最终东乡族得到有效问卷300份,兰州得到有效问卷312份。本研究主要回答四个研究问题:(1)东乡语和兰州方言中,在问候和告别时,主要使用的语用策略有哪些?(2)年龄对东乡族人们在实施问候和告别语语用策略时是否存在影响?如果有影响,有何异同?(3)权势对东乡族人们在实施问候和告别语语用策略时是否存在影响?如果有影响,有何异同?(4)东乡语和兰州方言中,实施问候和告别语时,语用策略的选择是否存在异同,为什么?研究结果表明:(1)在东乡语和兰州方言中,所有问候语和告别语语用策略均被受试者选择使用,但是各项策略的使用频次差异较大。例如:东乡语中间接问候的频次远远大于兰州方言中的频次。(2)年龄因素对东乡族人们在实施问候和告别语语用策略时有影响且不同年龄之间存在异同。例如:在使用寒暄式问候,称赞式问候,关心式问候以及因由式告别,直陈式告别,建议式告别时,调查数据显示,均存在显著性差异。东乡老年在打招呼时倾向于使用关心式问候以表示关心和在意,而青年却更多的使用寒暄式问候以表示亲近和随意。(3)权势因素对东乡族人们在实施问候和告别语语用策略时有影响且权势不同者存在异同。首先,权势的高低对称呼的使用有明显的影响。例如:低权势者使用称呼的频次多于高权势者。其次,在东乡语中,高权势者和低权势者在实施直接问候和间接问候时都存在显著性差异。最后,对于附加策略而言,除了建议式告别,其余策略的使用情况都表现出显著性差异,例如:对于高权势者最常用的告别语用策略为直陈式告别,而对于低权势者,最常用的则为因由式告别。(4)东乡语和兰州方言在实施问候和告别语语用策略时,既存在相似之处,又有不同之处。相似点主要是对间接问候和告别语用策略的使用,不管是东乡语还是兰州方言都表现出较高的频次,不同之处则在于各项附加策略使用的具体频次以及高频低频的排列顺序。例如:东乡语中最常使用的是寒暄式问候,而兰州方言中却是称谓式问候。东乡语和兰州方言中,建议式告别的使用频次都为最高,但其次东乡语中为因由式告别而兰州方言中为嘱咐式告别。总之,东乡语和兰州方言在实施问候和告别语语用策略时存在异同,本研究将从社会语用学以及礼貌原则等角度分析讨论异同产生的原因。
[Abstract]:The language is so far the most basic way of daily communication, Dongxiang Dongxiang nationality language as a special language, carrying the nation's history and culture, but now Dongxiang has become one of the domestic published endangered language, therefore the protection of Dongxiang is imperative. In most languages, greetings and partings is to establish and maintain two an effective way of social relations, plays a very important role in the daily life and communication between people. Greetings are factors of emotional communication and strengthen the understanding of the essential, it means the beginning of interpersonal communication, farewell means the end of interpersonal communication, which emphasizes more on the relationship between the participants when greeting or farewell. And people from different cultural backgrounds will misunderstand each other and lead to pragmatic failure. So we must be based on different social pragmatic factors in greeting and farewell, so it can We want to transfer the meaning of the expression. Of course, regardless of what way, we all need to be polite and try to use proper words to maintain the other face. So the comparative study of two kinds of different social background of greeting and farewell is of great significance. The previous researches on Dongxiang language focused on the ecological and cultural linguistics this study focuses on the perspective from the perspectives of sociolinguistics and pragmatics analysis. Perspective of greeting and farewell speech act from the society of pragmatics, to explore the relationship between politeness and speech acts, and the effects of age and power for Dongxiang people to implement the impact of greetings and partings and pragmatic strategy, pragmatic strategies greeting and farewell to implement people in Dongxiang language and Lanzhou dialect of the similarities and differences between them. This study mainly refer to Blum-Kulka et al. 1989 " Cultural Speech Act Realization Research Project "(CCSARP) research methods, through interviews, video recording, role playing for natural and semi natural corpus, and based on these data, the design of the questionnaire, after forecasting - modify - process, a large-scale questionnaire survey to collect data. After using two kinds of quantitative and qualitative research methods. Pragmatic strategy implementation greetings and farewell to Dongxiang dialect and Lanzhou dialect were analyzed. The subjects of this study were from the native language and the Lanzhou dialect speaking Dongxiang native speakers, Gao Ya Zhen researchers randomly selected Dongxiang county and Yuzhong County, the villagers Wang Ji Zhen 330 subjects. The Dongxiang nationality young men 55 people, middle-aged male 55 people, male 55 people, female ibid. Lanzhou Han male youth, middle-aged and elderly women as above, each 55 people, between ages 16 to 70 years. The final in Dongxiang Family of 300 valid questionnaires, Lanzhou obtained 312 valid questionnaires. This study is to answer four research questions: (1) Dongxiang dialect and Lanzhou dialect, hello and goodbye, what are the pragmatic strategies used? (2) the impact of age on Dongxiang people is in the implementation of greeting and farewell. When pragmatic strategies exist? If yes, what are the differences? (3) influence of Dongxiang people in the implementation of greetings and partings of pragmatic strategies when exist? If yes, what are the differences? (4) Dongxiang dialect and Lanzhou dialect, the implementation of greeting and farewell, whether the selection of pragmatic strategies there are similarities and differences, why? The results show that: (1) in Dongxiang dialect and Lanzhou dialect, all greetings and partings of pragmatic strategies are the subjects choose to use, but the frequency of use of the difference strategy greatly. For example: indirect greetings Dongxiang language frequency is greater In the dialect of Lanzhou (2). The frequency of age on the similarities and differences of Dongxiang people and the influence of different age in the implementation of greetings and partings between pragmatic strategies. For example: the use of greeting greeting, compliment greeting, greeting and farewell care cause type, l'indicatif farewell, farewell proposal, survey data show that there are significant differences. In Dongxiang greeted the elderly tend to use care type to greet concern and care, while young people are more used to say to greeting greeting and free. (3) the power factors of the similarities and differences of Dongxiang people in the implementation of greeting and farewell with pragmatic strategies and the influence of different power. First, the power level has obvious influence on the use of the name. For example: low power use call frequency more than high power. Secondly, in Dongxiang, high power and low power in real There was significant difference between direct and indirect application of greeting greetings. Finally, suggestions for additional strategies, in addition to the use of other strategies goodbye, are showing significant differences, such as: high power for the most commonly used strategy for pragmatic l'indicatif farewell farewell, and for low power, is the most commonly used for the reason goodbye. (4) the Dongxiang language and Lanzhou dialect in the implementation of greetings and partings of pragmatic strategies, both similarities and differences. The similarities are mainly used for indirect greeting and farewell pragmatic strategy, whether it is Dongxiang or Lanzhou dialect showed a higher frequency, the difference is the use of the additional strategy specific frequency and the high frequency and the low frequency sequence. For example: the most commonly used language in Dongxiang is greeting greeting, while Lanzhou dialect is the appellation of greeting Dongxiang language and Lanzhou dialect. In the proposal farewell to the frequency of use is the highest, but the second language in Dongxiang for the cause and type in Lanzhou dialect to bid farewell goodbye. In a word, the Dongxiang language and Lanzhou dialect there are similarities and differences in the implementation of greetings and partings of pragmatic strategies, this study will analyze the social pragmatics and politeness principles discussed reasons the similarities and differences.

【学位授予单位】：兰州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：H233;H172.2

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