简·奥斯丁小说中人际关系的语言解析

  本文关键词：简·奥斯丁小说中人际关系的语言解析，由笔耕文化传播整理发布。

        英国十九世纪小说家简·奥斯丁是一位举世公认的经典作家，虽然她一生仅仅创作了六部小说，但她的声望日益稳固，被称为“散文中的莎士比亚”。奥斯丁善于描写平凡人物，以及他们之间复杂人际关系的变化和发展，她的小说不仅蕴含辩证艺术和对生活哲理及价值观念的独特阐释，而且贯穿了她对人类平等和社会和谐的追求。不同时期的作品体现了她对不同人际关系的思考和判断，从最初的男女之情到父母子女之爱，最后升华到更为广泛的女性关系。她的小说算不上雄伟壮丽、激情澎湃，但却那么的真实细腻、令人愉快，且能直接触动读者的心灵。然而她不仅是高度敏感的、自觉的文学大师，而且在语言艺术上也独树一帜。虽然很多学者对奥斯丁的语言和风格进行了一定的研究，但是对她小说中语言艺术的描写还不够深入和系统，而从语言学视角对其小说中体现人际关系的语言研究更是在很大程度上被忽略了，因此本文以语言学理论为指导，对奥斯丁的主要小说的文本进行分析，旨在全面系统地研究揭示人物关系的语言艺术。本论文根据合作原则、人际功能和言语表达理论对简·奥斯丁不同时期三部重要小说《傲慢与偏见》《爱玛》和《劝导》中刻画人际关系的语言进行系统详尽的研究。本论文采用定性研究的方法，旨在从合作原则的遵守和违背，语气、情态，以及直接引语表达和间接引语表达角度就小说中的语言对实现不同人际关系的作用进行研究，系统探讨奥斯丁小说中的语言艺术。本文由五个部分组成，包括引言、主要的三个章节和结论。引言部分首先回顾了评论家在不同阶段对奥斯丁语言艺术的相关研究，起初同时代的评论家忽略了奥斯丁的自觉努力和艺术匠心，直到二十世纪，新一代的评论家才开始关注奥斯丁作品的艺术构思，并开始从多个角度研究作为语言艺术大师的奥斯丁，而现代批评家则结合语言学研究领域的发展，进一步探讨其作品中内容与形式的统一。其次，引言部分解释了相关的语言学理论及术语，最后，引言部分介绍了本文的论点、研究方法和结构。本文旨在全面系统地研究奥斯丁的语言艺术。第一章以语言学中的合作原则理论来研究简·奥斯丁的小说《傲慢与偏见》中的刻画男女关系的语言艺术。在这部小说中奥斯丁关注男女关系的两面性，既体现出双方的合作，又展示了双方的冲突。论文指出，对合作原则的遵守有助于男女之间的妥协和协作。男女双方在行使言语行为时表现出合作的意向，反映了他们在沟通中的忍让和尊重；他们在对话中遵守量、质、关系和方式准则，进行了有效的交流，表达了相互理解和爱护。而对合作原则的违背则导致双方的误解，反映了人物的对立和等级。男女人物在行使言语行为时表现出不合作的意向，显示了他们之间社会分工和地位的不和谐；在缺乏共识的条件下，他们对量、质、关系和方式四个会话准则的违背引起会话交流中的阻碍，并导致男女人物之间的矛盾和冲突。本章通过对小说中合作原则的遵守和违背的情况研究，全面展示了奥斯丁的语言艺术。第二章从人际功能的角度来解读《爱玛》中描写父母与子女关系的语言。奥斯丁认为，人物性格的形成与其家庭和社会环境密切相关，因此她逐渐关注爱与成长的主题。在全面阐释小说是如何通过语气和情态来表现父母子女的关系时，本章首先研究小说如何通过句子的语气选择和语气结构来反映父母对子女的爱护及其局限，小句的语气能够折射人物的心理、刻画人物性格，从而展示父母对子女的溺爱；语气结构分析主要体现在主语和限定成分的选择以及二者的位置关系，人物通过使用不同的语气结构，，反映态度表达情感，折射了父母爱的缺陷。然后，本章探讨作者如何采用情态助动词、情态附加语来揭示子女在逆境中的成长。情态助动词通过不同的情态值传达观点和判断，塑造人物的性格，从而反映了子女对父母的继承和效仿；情态附加语蕴含人物的态度和情感，表现了子女对父母的感恩与回报。论文指出，对小说中语气和情态使用情况的研究有助于体现奥斯丁的语言特色。第三章从言语表达理论的角度研讨《劝导》中描绘女性关系的语言艺术。在这部小说中，奥斯丁不仅关注更广泛的女性人物之间的关系，而且更强调女性的独立和自觉。本章从人物言语表达的两种主要方式，直接表达和间接表达角度对小说中的女性人际关系进行解读。论文指出，小说中直接引语和自由直接引语的使用体现了女性之间的不和谐，其表达方式的直接性和客观性有助于读者对人物性格和关系进行直接观察和客观的判断。而小说中的间接引语和自由间接引语的应用则描绘了女性间的和谐与友谊，间接引语是塑造人物的重要手段，使读者快速掌握人物性格及其关系，此外，过去时态的使用和相应的人称和指示词的变化，能够起到疏离效果，因而，间接引语能够实现作者的表达意图并引起读者的共鸣；自由间接引语被称作叙述的独白，有助于表达人物的心理，并通过大量使用人物自己的视角和语言，缩短人物和读者的距离，实现二者的交流。本章认为奥斯丁的语言艺术和描写方式具有很深的造诣。通过对简·奥斯丁三部主要小说的语言学解析，本论文得出以下主要研究结论：《傲慢与偏见》《爱玛》和《劝导》反映了奥斯丁的高超语言技巧和艺术上的不断完善。她是伟大的艺术家和语言大师，她能够运用人物对话中的合作和不合作现象，刻画人物性格、描绘男女人物之间的复杂关系；她以语言为媒介，通过选择不同的语气和情态，反映人物的心理和思维，表现父母与子女之间的辩证关系；她运用不同形式的言语表达方式，描写人物形象，推动情节发展，并反映女性之间的动态关系。总的来说，奥斯丁善于灵活运用语言手段来达到她的写作目的、进行复杂的艺术构思，最后显现复杂的人际关系，她的小说深刻体现了形式与内容统一这一深刻的道理。奥斯丁一生致力于描绘村镇上的三、四家人，刻画英国当时的中产阶级，反映他们的日常生活。她的这三部小说《傲慢与偏见》、《爱玛》和《劝导》对不同性质和不同层次的人际关系进行了深入的探究。本文对奥斯丁的三个重要文本进行了语言学解读，综合运用了合作原则、人际功能理论以及言语表达理论，多角度地研究奥斯丁小说的语言，探讨其表达不同人际关系时的语言特色。本论文的创新点在于运用语言学的方法对奥斯丁的文本进行逐一解读，通过分析奥斯丁语言中最根本最重要的组成成分，验证奥斯丁的语言艺术。本论文的意义在于运用语言学的理论，分别探讨了奥斯丁主要作品中描绘男女、父母子女及女性之间人际关系的语言特色，本文是文学批评和语言学研究有机结合的产物，为文学和语言学研究的学术交叉和互融具有一定的实践意义和理论价值。

    The nineteenth-century British novelist Jane Austen is recognized as a significantclassic writer. Though she has published only six novels, Austen is noted as“Shakespeare in Prose” and her reputation has been increasingly stable and enduring.With the adeptness at describing the life of ordinary people and the development oftheir complex relationship, Austen’s fiction embodies the dialectical art and theunique interpretation of the philosophy and value of life, and represents her relentlesspursuit of human equality and harmony. Her works of different periods represent herthinking and judgment of different interpersonal relationships from initialmale-female relationship to parent-child relationship, and finally to femalerelationship in general. Her fiction is far from being magnificent or passionate, but itis considered delicate and delightful and its truthfulness may touch the soul of thereader immediately. However, she is not only a highly sensitive and self-consciousliterary master, but also innovative in the art of language. Many scholars haveinvestigated her language and style, but the study of her language in the representationof interpersonal relationship from the linguistic perspective has been generallyneglected. Therefore, this dissertation applies the linguistic theory to Austen’sfictional texts, aiming at a comprehensive and systematic study of her linguisticachievements in the representation of human relationship.This dissertation applies the cooperative principle, interpersonal metafunction,and speech representation to the examination of the integrated interpersonalrelationship in Austen’s three important novels, namely Pride and Prejudice, Emmaand Persuasion. This dissertation is primarily qualitative based and it aims to exploreAusten’s art of language by means of the application of cooperative principle, mood,modality, direct speech representation and indirect speech representation in thedemonstration of interpersonal relationship. In addition to the Introduction and theConclusion, this dissertation consists of three chapters. In the introduction, this dissertation first reviews the relevant language study ofJane Austen’s fiction of different stages. Previously her contemporary critics haveignored her conscious effort and artistic ingenuity, regarding her as beingspontaneously and instinctively charming. Not until the twentieth century, did a newgeneration of experts and scholars emerge to pay attention to Austen’s artisticachievements and explore her art of language from diverse perspectives. Furthermorethe modern critics take advantage of the development of stylistics and linguistics tofurther explore the unity of content and form in her fiction. And then the introductionilluminates relevant linguistic theories and terms. Finally, it clarifies the argument,research methods and structure of this dissertation.The first chapter applies the cooperative principle to the exploration of therealization of male-female relationship in Pride and Prejudice. Austen is concernedwith double sides of male-female relationship, not only depicting the cooperation butalso the conflict between men and women in the novel. This dissertation points outthat the compliance with the cooperative principle demonstrates the compromise andcoordination between men and women. The cooperation in speech acts reflects theirtolerance and respect, and the observation of the maxims of quantity, quality,relevance and manner facilitates effective communication indicating their mutual careand understanding. However the violation of the cooperative principle leads tohierarchy and disagreement between men and women. Non-cooperation in theirspeech acts implies the discord between different genders and social positions. Andthe violation of the four conversational maxims creates discrepancy andmisinterpretation between men and women who share no common backgroundknowledge. This chapter adopts a linguistic approach to study Austen’s linguistic artin the representation of male-female relationship by means of the observance andviolation of the cooperative principle.The second chapter employs interpersonal metafunction to illustrate therepresentation of parent-child relationship in Emma. Austen believes that the characterformation is closely related to the family and social environment, and she shows anincreasing concern for the influence of parents’ love on children’s growth. This chapter examines how mood and modality function in the exhibition of parent-childrelationship. First, it applies mood analysis to the reflection of parents’ restricted lovein terms of mood choice and mood construction. Different types of mood clauses mayexhibit psychological changes and different personalities, which show the parents’indulgence of their children. Mood construction, which is represented by the choice ofsubject and finite elements, expresses feelings and attitudes to display theirresponsibility in parents’ love. Then this chapter studies the application of modaloperators and modal adjuncts to the exploration of children’s growth in adversity.Modal operators, namely modal auxiliaries, possess different levels of modal value toconvey opinions and judgments, which expose personalities and illustrate thechildren’s unconscious inheritance from their parents. Modal adjuncts contain thecharacter’s attitudes and emotions, which exhibit children’s reward and gratitude fortheir parents. In conclusion, this dissertation figures out that the interpersonalmetafunction is meaningful in disclosing Austen’s linguistic contribution.The third chapter examines the speech representation in the representation offemale friendship in Persuasion in which Austen not only attaches importance tofemale relationship but also female independence and consciousness. This chapterstudies two different ways of speech representation in female relations, namely directspeech representation and indirect speech representation. On one hand, this chapterholds that direct speech representation, which consists of direct speech and free directspeech, operates effectively in the realization of female disharmony. Its directness andobjectivity enable the reader to make direct observation and fair evaluation of femalecharacters and their relations. Then indirect speech representation, which is composedof indirect speech and free indirect speech, functions in the depiction of harmoniousfemale friendship. Indirect speech is an important means of shaping the character, andhelps the reader gain a quick grasp of female relationship. In addition, it may arousethe reader’s sympathy with the distancing effect of the past tense and thetransformation of pronouns and other deictics. While free indirect speech, also callednarrated monologue, reveals psychological activities and promotes the interactionbetween the character and the reader by adopting the character’s perspective and language. This dissertation argues that as a great writer Austen has demonstrated herexquisite craftsmanship in the use of language.Through the linguistic analyses of Austen’s three important novels, thisdissertation draws the following conclusion: Austen’s superb language skills andcontinuous artistic improvement demonstrate themselves in Pride and Prejudice,Emma and Persuasion. As a master of language, she is capable of making good use ofthe cooperation and noncooperation in characters’ conversation to portray thecharacters and depict complicated relationship between men and women. Withlanguage as the medium, she explores mood and modality in her fiction to reflect thecharacter’s psychology and thinking, and to display the dialectical relationshipbetween parents and children. Meanwhile she adopts different modes of speechrepresentation to present female characters and exhibit the dynamic relationshipbetween them. In general, Austen’s flexible and efficient employment of languagecontributes to the achievement of her writing goal, artistic conception and therepresentation of different human relationship. Her fiction embodies the unity of formand content.Jane Austen is committed to depicting three or four families in a small town, theEnglish middle class and its daily life. Her three novels, namely Pride and Prejudice,Emma and Persuasion, make in-depth inquiry into interpersonal relationship ofdifferent nature and levels. The present dissertation explores the linguistic features inher major fiction, and studies the cooperative principle, interpersonal metafuncitonand speech representation in the exhibition of different human relationship. Theoriginality of this dissertation lies in the new linguistic approach to the analysis ofmale-female, parent-child, and female relationships in Austen’s fiction. It endeavorsto present a fresh means of access to Austen’s fictional texts and it analyzes the mostbasic and important components of Austen’s language in the representation ofinterpersonal relations, which proves to be effective in her writing. Thus it brings thereader directly in touch with the authorial purpose conveyed by her language. Thesignificance of this dissertation consists in the point that it explores Austen’s expertisein the use of language, which is illustrated through the employment of linguistic theories to the analysis of the human relationship in her major fiction. It not onlyenriches the literary study of the texts, but also enhances the integration of linguisticsand literature. To some extent, it is a creative attempt at the study of Austen’s fictionand provides an alternative for both literary and linguistic studies.

简·奥斯丁小说中人际关系的语言解析

Acknowledgements4-5摘要5-8Abstract8-12Introduction14-27    1 A Critical Survey of Linguistic Studies on Jane Austen’s Major Fiction14-22    2 The Explanation of Linguistic Theories Concerned22-24    3 The Argument and the Methodology of the Dissertation24    4 The Organization of the Dissertation24-27Chapter One Cooperative Principle in Male-female Relationship in Pride and Prejudice27-58    1 Application of CP in the Realization of Diverse Collaboration29-42    2 Violation of CP in the Demonstration of Mild Conflict42-58Chapter Two Interpersonal Metafunction in Parent-child Relationship in Emma58-101    1 Mood in the Reflection of Fettered Love59-79    2 Modality in the Manifestation of Devious Growth79-101Chapter Three Speech Representation in Female Relationship in Persuasion101-141    1 Direct Speech Representation in the Display of Disharmonious Relationship103-123    2 Indirect Speech Representation in the Exhibition of Compatible Friendship123-141Conclusion141-146Bibliography146-152

  本文关键词：简·奥斯丁小说中人际关系的语言解析，由笔耕文化传播整理发布。