《中原》《洪武》和当代方言中的见开二——北京话溯源之一瞥

发布时间：2018-02-24 23:06

本文关键词： 见开二《中原音韵》《洪武正韵》官话方言明清权威方言普通话字音规范　出处：《方言》2017年02期 　论文类型：期刊论文

【摘要】：本文考察中古开口二等七摄(梗江假蟹效咸山)的舒声见系字在《中原音韵》《洪武正韵》的韵类分合及之后在当代官话方言中的演变和权威方言传播的层次。考察表明:(1)见开二在《中原》《洪武》两书归韵的唯一区别在于梗开二(除影母):《中原》一律归细音梗开三四,而《洪武》则除影母外一律归洪音曾开一。这一不同,在今官话方言中仍有反映:(1)与《洪武》基本相同的有汴洛和杭州、南京、合肥三市;(2)与《中原》基本相同的则仅限北京、济南及东北的白读,它们的文读却同《洪武》;其他官话亦同洪武。(2)两书的江开二均归宕开三,今多数官话亦如此;(3)异于两书,扬州、武汉、成都、长沙的江开二白读却归洪,与非官话方言相同。(3)假蟹效咸山五摄的见开二在两书中仍独立一类,不同于一等也不同于三四等。当代官话中它们已向不同方向归并:上述(1)(2)两型基本归细而(3)型则白读归洪。此外还有"擦洪塞细"的(4)型,程度不同地出现在西北。(4)根据以上四型的地理分布并参考邻近非官话方言,以上四型可分别称为中部、东北部、南部和西北部官话。(5)从见开二的文白异读可以窥见:明代和清前期中期的权威方言是《洪武》型的中部官话,再向前可追溯到南宋皇室南迁之前的中原汴洛音和南迁后的方言岛临安官话,包括北京在内的所有官话和非官话东南方言的见开二的文读均源于此,并对明代之后的北京音产生了重要影响。
[Abstract]:In this paper, the author investigates the classification and combination of the characters of Shu Sheng Jianyu in the Central Plains Phonology > Hongwu Zhengyun, and their evolution in the contemporary Mandarin dialect and the level of the dissemination of authoritative dialects in the second Class Seven Photo of Middle Ancient opening (Xianshan Mountain, the false Crab of the Terrier River). The only difference between the two books in the Central Plains and Hongwu is that the only difference between the two books is that the two books are divided into three or four parts. "Hongwu" is the same as "Hongyin". This difference is that there is still a reflection of "1" in the Mandarin dialect.) those who are basically the same as "Hongwu" are Bianluo and Hangzhou, Nanjing, Hefei, three cities, Guanzhou2) and the "Central Plains" are basically the same as "Central Plains", but only Beijing is the only one. In Jinan and Northeast China, the white reading is the same as Hongwu; the other official dialects are also the same as Hongwu. 2) the Jiang Kaiji of the two books is opened three times, and most official dialects today are also different from the two books. Yangzhou, Wuhan, Chengdu, and Changsha, the second reading of Jiang Kai er Bai is returned to the flood. The same as the non-official dialect. 3) A picture taken by Xianshan five, a fake crab, is still a separate category in the two books. It is different from the first class and the third and fourth classes. In modern Mandarin, they have merged in different directions: the two types are basically classified into fine ones and the three types are white reading and returning to Hong. In addition, there is the "Xian4) type of" scrubbing flood plugs ". According to the geographical distribution of the above four types and referring to the neighboring non-official dialects, the above four types can be called as central and northeast, respectively. In the southern and northwestern part of the Chinese dialect, we can see that the authoritative dialects of the Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty were the central mandarin of Hongwu type. It can be traced back to Bianluoyin of the Central Plains before the royal family moved to the south of the Southern Song Dynasty and Lin'an Mandarin, a dialect after the Southern Song Dynasty, from which all the official and non-official dialects in the southeast of China, including Beijing, were read. It also had an important influence on the Beijing sound after the Ming Dynasty.
【作者单位】：北京大学中文系/中国语言学研究中心;
【基金】：“晚清民国时期北京话系统及探源研究”(11WYA001) “审音原则的制定和《普通话异读词审音表》的修订” “清末民初北京话系统研究”(11JJD740006)三个基金项目的资助
【分类号】：H172.1

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