汉字“左”和“右”的隐喻研究

发布时间：2018-03-08 02:37

本文选题：左　切入点：右　出处：《东北师范大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：人类认知世界的方式是从认知自身出发的。空间方位词的出现很大程度源于人类将自身定义为世界的方位轴。人们根据对自身生理构造以及对客观世界的认识总结出了上,下,前,后,左,右等一系列词。作为空间方位词,上,下,前,后,左,右不但能定位空间,还能在特定的社会文化环境中被人类赋予新的意义。这种现象被LackoffJohnson定义为空间隐喻。通过阅读有关空间方位词的文献,本文作者发现国内外研究人员更多是对上,下,前,后空间方位词的研究。而对空间方位词左和右的研究寥寥无几。本文作者发现在《现代汉语词典》,《左传》,《礼记》中,空间方位词左和右在不同历史时期,有着不同的文化含义,其中尊卑差异尤为突出。本文以汉语空间方位词左和右为研究对象,研究以下三个问题:1)从历时角度分析汉字左和右的意义在不同朝代有哪些特征?2)汉字左和右的引申意义是怎么出现的?3)汉字左和右引申意义背后的认知机制是什么?本文以《现代汉语词典》,北京大学语言学研究中心语料库为基础选取语料,以认知语言学中概念隐喻理论和原型理论为理论框架,对搜集的语料进行分析,回答以上三个问题。研究表明,汉字左和右的引申意义分为两种,尊和卑。尊左,卑左,尊右还是卑右在不同的历史朝代各不一样。商周时期尊左卑右,春秋时期尊右卑左,战国时期,秦朝,西汉时期尊右卑左,东汉时期到宋朝尊左卑右,元朝以及明朝前期是尊右卑左,明朝后期到清朝是尊左卑右。近现代出现的左和右的词汇中并没有过多的尊卑意义。左和右出现这些引申意义的原因有以下四点:第一,由于人体生理构造,部分人右手比左手灵敏,所以在人体大脑中产生了右手优于左手的意识,进而在生活中对右的隐喻认知更加侧重对右的遵从;第二,由于中国阴阳风水之术的盛行,东方象征尊贵,光明,中国人在建筑构造上喜欢坐北朝南,人们在就坐是也是如此,而人体的左侧恰好在东边,久而久之就产生了左为尊;第三,由于民族文化的遗传与继承;第四,由于对西方外来文化的借鉴与吸收。本文认为,人类体验和隐喻是左和右意义引申的主要机制:原始义来源于人与世界互动的体验,引申义来源于隐喻扩展。因此,汉字左和右的意义拓展正是由于人类对客观世界的体验加以概念化而形成的。
[Abstract]:The way in which human beings perceive the world is based on their own cognition. The appearance of spatial orientation words to a great extent stems from the fact that human beings define themselves as the azimuth axis of the world. People sum up the above and the following according to their own physiological structure and their understanding of the objective world. A series of words such as front, rear, left, right, etc. As spatial orientation words, top, bottom, front, rear, left and right can not only locate space, This phenomenon is defined by LackoffJohnson as a spatial metaphor. By reading the literature on spatial locational words, the author finds that researchers at home and abroad are more likely to be on top, bottom, and front. There are few researches on the left and right of the spatial orientation words. The author finds that in the Modern Chinese Dictionary, Zuo Zhuan, Li Ji, the left and right spatial azimuth words have different cultural meanings in different historical periods. Among them, the difference of superiority and inferiority is especially prominent. This paper takes the Chinese spatial orientation word left and right as the research object, studies the following three questions: 1) from the diachronic point of view, analyzes the meaning of Chinese character left and right in different dynasties. 2) how does the extended meaning of left and right Chinese characters appear? 3) what is the cognitive mechanism behind the extension of left and right meanings of Chinese characters? Based on the Dictionary of Modern Chinese, the corpus of the linguistic Research Center of Peking University, and the conceptual metaphor theory and prototype theory in cognitive linguistics, this paper analyzes the collected corpus. The study shows that the extended meaning of left and right Chinese characters can be divided into two types: Zunhe Xiu. Respect left, inferior left, respect right inferior or inferior in different historical dynasties. In Shang and Zhou dynasties, left inferior to right, Spring and Autumn period, right inferior to right. During the warring States period, the Qin Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty, From the late Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the left was inferior to the right. In modern times, the words left and right did not have too much sense of superiority and inferiority. The reasons for the extension of the left and right were as follows: first, due to the physiological structure of the human body, Because the right hand is more sensitive than the left hand, some people have the consciousness that the right hand is superior to the left hand in the human brain, and in their life the metaphorical cognition of the right is more focused on the right; second, because of the prevalence of the art of fengshui of yin and yang in China, The East symbolizes nobility and brightness. Chinese people like to sit north and face south in architecture, and so are people sitting in their seats, while the left side of the human body happens to be in the east, and over time the left side is respected; third, due to the inheritance and inheritance of national culture; In 4th, because of the reference and absorption of western foreign culture, this paper holds that human experience and metaphor are the main mechanism of extension of left and right meanings: the original meaning comes from the experience of interaction between man and the world, and the meaning comes from the extension of metaphor. The extension of left and right meanings of Chinese characters is formed by the conceptualization of human experience of the objective world.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：H15

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