论《第二次汉字简化方案（草案）》之存废

发布时间：2018-05-19 17:54

本文选题：“二简” + 汉字简化　；参考：《华中师范大学》2017年博士论文

【摘要】：1977年,我国颁布《第二次汉字简化方案(草案)》(简称“二简”),在全社会推行试用“二简字”。1986年此方案被废止,“二简字”也在全国范围内停止试用。《第二次汉字简化方案(草案)》在近十年的时间里,历经了从拟定到推行,从争议到废止的曲折过程。作为新中国成立后文字改革的组成部分和关键环节,作为继1956年《汉字简化方案》及1964年《简化字总表》(简称“一简”)后汉字简化工作的延续和发展,“二简”一直是探讨文字改革、汉字简化相关问题时不可忽视的重要历史事件。但由于其特殊的时代背景、短暂的存废时间、过简的方案内容以及混乱的社会用字等因素,导致了学界及社会对“二简”和其相关问题采取避而不谈或质疑抨击的态度;并且,由于“二简”被明确废止、“二简字”被停止试用这一既定政策规定,也导致在文字政策研究议题上,“二简”一直被置于静态单一的视角中,被囿于零散粗略的论述中,被定于消极否定的评价中。本文试图转换视角,调整维度,对“二简”进行深度、全面及客观的描述、解析和判辨,以端正其历史地位、评议其历史影响、总结其教训启示,为汉字的稳定与发展、为文字规范化、标准化工作的推进提供意见和参考。本文力图将“二简”作为研究轴心,从纵向、横向两个维度展开。从纵向维度梳理还原这一阶段性历史事件的相关背景,将其放置于文字改革、汉字简化的整体史实中考察,以探究大背景下文字改革趋势变化对汉字简化小事件的影响,并考量汉字简化小事件的成败起落对大背景下文字改革进程所产生的效应;从横向维度对比分析这一延续性汉字简化工作的合理程度,将其串联在“一简”的相对成功与现今汉字规范的整体系统中判定,以思考汉字大体系的内部规则、组合方式、区别特征等要素对汉字简化的理据制约,并审视汉字简化的程度与标准对于汉字大体系内部层序性、合理性、稳定性等要素所产生的冲击。在此基础上,本文还将从动态互动维度探寻剖析“二简”这一应用性文字政策事件的失败本质,将其投射于政策、学理、社会的综合层面进行阐述,以政府、学者、群众三要素的作为模式为框架,来归纳大社会下各类相关要件的行为动机、执行程度对文字简化的干预尺度和最终效果。因此,本文不再将“二简”视为孤立的、单一的、静态的事件,而将其看做阶段性的文字改革历史、延续性的汉字简化工作以及应用性的文字规范政策,从关联、动态及综合的视角全面解析“二简”;尝试使用“以大析小”、“以小见大”的分析方法,以时代大背景、文字大体系、社会大维度来解析“二简”的存废,以“二简”这一小事件、小调整、小要素来窥探其对大环境的影响和效应。全文立足于客观,着眼于史实,依据于字理,思辨于本质,共分为六章。第一、二章还原再现近代及新中国成立后汉字简化运动的背景历史,采用汉字简化“理论——实践”的双线制考察方式,试图整理出不同阶段汉字简化的共性和特性以及不同阶段简化之间的关联及影响。第三、四章对“二简”字表进行分类与解析,采取“三定”步骤,即从对“二简字”的定量、定性论证中给予“二简”以合理定位;并且利用对比的方法,从与“一简”的比照论证中看待“二简字”的理据度和延续性。第五、六章探讨“二简”失败原因、归纳教训启示并阐述公允评价。采取“三合”原则,即“合理、合情、合规”,探讨“二简”是否符合字理规律,是否符合使用情况、是否符合文字规范。从制定、使用、规范角度;从政府、专家、群众层面;从政策、学理、社会维度镜像出汉字简化稳定与发展的关系,以及文字规范化与标准化的发展前景等问题。因此对于“二简”,本文进行了宏观全面的把控论纲、微观具体的现象观察以及立体多维的本质思考。本文最后认为,不应简单扬弃地将“二简”视为汉字简化的彻底失败,而应理性客观地将其视为汉字简化中的曲折探索,“二简”在我国汉字简化的历史中具有“承前启后”的作用,“二简”中部分合理的简化可以为汉字系统的进一步优化提供思路和佐证,不合理的简化可以为未来汉字规范化工作提供教训和警示。在对“二简”失败本质的探究中,考量评判作为外部因素的政府、专家、群众三方的互动作为模式,是本文对于文字政策研究的一次尝试,希望这种新视角可为我国文字政策的未来发展提供有益的参考。
[Abstract]:In 1977, China promulgated the "second simplified Chinese characters" (Draft) > ("two Jane"). The program was abolished in the whole society for "two simple words" in.1986. The "two simple word" was also stopped in the whole country. The "second simplified Chinese character" scheme (draft) has been from the drafting to the implementation, from the dispute to the waste in the last ten years. As a part and key link of the Chinese character reform after the founding of the new China, as the continuation and development of the simplified Chinese character after the 1956 "simplified Chinese character" and the "simplified" ("one Jane") in 1964, the "two Jane" has always been an important part of the discussion of the problems of Chinese character transformation and the simplification of Chinese characters. Historical events, but because of their special time background, short period of storage and abolition, oversimplified program content and chaotic social use of characters, it has led to the academic and social attitudes to the "two Jane" and its related problems; and, as the "two Jane" was explicitly abolished, the "two simple word" was stopped to try the trial. This established policy stipulates that the "two Jane" has been placed in a static and single perspective on the topic of the study of the text policy. It is limited to the negative and negative evaluation in the scattered and rough discussion. This article tries to transform the perspective, adjust the dimension, and describe, analyze and judge the "two Jane" in a comprehensive and objective way. It is its historical position, reviews its historical influence, summarizes its lessons, and provides suggestions and references for the stability and development of Chinese characters, the standardization of characters and the promotion of standardization work. This article tries to unfold the "two Jane" as the research axis, from the longitudinal and horizontal two dimensions. In order to explore the effect of the change of Chinese characters on the simplified Chinese characters in the big background, the effect of the success or failure of the success or failure of the small Chinese characters on the process of the text reform under the big background, and the comparison and analysis of the continuity Chinese character from the horizontal dimension, are studied in the whole history of the text reform and the simplification of Chinese characters. The reasonable degree of the work is simplified, and it is determined in the whole system of the relative success of "one Jane" and the standard of modern Chinese characters. In order to consider the internal rules, combination methods and distinguishing features of the large system of Chinese characters, it restricts the rationale of the simplified Chinese character, and examines the degree and standard of the simplified Chinese character to the internal sequence of the Chinese character system, On the basis of this, this paper will also explore the failure nature of the application of "two Jane" from the dynamic interactive dimension, and project it on the comprehensive level of policy, science and society, with the framework of the government, the scholar and the three elements of the masses as the framework. The behavior motivation of all kinds of relevant elements under the big society, the intervention scale and the final effect of the implementation degree to the text simplification. Therefore, this article no longer regards the "two Jane" as isolated, single and static events, and regards it as a stage of the history of the text reform, the continuation of the simplified Chinese character work and the application of the language standard policy. The analysis of "two Jane" is fully analyzed in the perspective of the dynamic and comprehensive. The analysis method of "taking big analysis to small" and "taking a small view" is used to analyze the existence and abolition of the "two Jane" with the background of the times, the large system of words, and the large social dimension. The influence and effect of the "two Jane" on the big environment is explored by small adjustments and small elements. Based on the objective, with a view to the historical facts, according to the character theory and the essence, it is divided into six chapters. The first, second chapter restores the background history of the simplified Chinese character movement after the reappearance of modern and the founding of the new China, and uses the Chinese character to simplify the double line system of "theory and practice", trying to sort out the generality and characteristics of the simplified Chinese characters at different stages, and not In the third, fourth chapter, the "two Jane" words are classified and analyzed, and the "three definite" steps are taken, that is to give the "two Jane" in the quantitative analysis of the "two simple words" and the "two Jane" in the qualitative demonstration, and to use the comparison method to treat the "two simple words" from the comparison argument with "one Jane". The fifth, sixth chapter discusses the reasons for the failure of the "two Jane", summarizes the lessons and expounds the fair evaluation. Taking the "three in" principle, namely "reasonable, harmonious, and conforming", discusses whether the "two Jane" conforms to the rule of word rationale, whether it conforms to the use situation, and whether the Fu Hewen word standard. From the formulation, use, and standard angle; from the government, expert, group From the policy, the academic theory and the social dimension mirrors the relationship between the simplified stability and the development of Chinese characters, as well as the development prospects of the standardization and standardization of Chinese characters. Therefore, for the "two Jane", this article has carried out a macroscopic and comprehensive outline of the control, the microscopic concrete phenomenon observation and the stereoscopic multidimensional thinking. The "two Jane" is regarded as a complete failure of the simplification of Chinese characters in a simple and abandoned place, and it should be regarded as a zigzag exploration in the simplification of Chinese characters rationally and objectively. The "two Jane" has the role of "preceding the following" in the history of Chinese character simplification. The reasonable simplification of the "two Jane" can provide ideas for the further optimization of the Chinese character system. It is proved that unreasonable simplification can provide a lesson and warning for the standardization work of Chinese characters in the future. In the exploration of the nature of the failure of the "two Jane", it is an attempt to examine the interaction between the government, the experts and the three party of the masses as a model for the nature of the failure of the "two Jane". The future development of the policy provides a useful reference.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：H124

【参考文献】