现代汉语否定式比字句研究

发布时间：2018-06-18 01:55

本文选题：现代汉语 + 比字句　；参考：《西北大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：比较是人类认识事物的基本方式。表示比较时,由于比较对象之间的差异,会产生“类同、近似、高下”三种结果,由不同的句式进行表达。其中,“高下”的差别属于差比范畴,在差比范畴之下,“比”字句是现代汉语最主要的句式构成之一。现实生活中,“比”字句肯定式与否定式存在形式与意义上对立不对称的现象。基于自然逻辑“否定AB,即是对A=B或AB的肯定”,否定标记“不”、“没有”与“比”字句的结合能够产生两种语义。本篇论文以“不”和“没(有)”两大类否定式比字句为研究对象。根据构式和语义,其下分为“A不比BX”、“A不比BX+NP”、“A没(有)比BX”、“A没(有)比BX+NP”四小类句型,论文主要从语法形式、语义特征、语用功能三个方面阐述了这些句型的具体特征,并对“不”、“没”两类否定式比字句进行整体上的比较。当“不”否定比字句时,下设两类句型:“A不比BX”、“A不比BX+NP”。二者的否定辖域一般为“不”后的比字短语“比BX+(NP)”,当结果项X带表数量程度的NP时,否定焦点从X转移至NP,此处的NP一般表示量大且为虚指意。在语义偏向上,前一句型的优先语义为“A不X,BX”,后一句型为“A比BX,但是差距较小”。在语用上,我们发现当两类句型的结果项X为消极意义的短语时,句式所表现辩驳意味和否定效果较强,而当X为积极肯定意义时,则有解释和委婉批评的意味;不同点在于前者的预设为“B不X”,后者为“A比BX”。当“没(有)”否定比字句时,使用率远小于“不”类。同样包括两类句型:“A没(有)比BX”、“A没(有)比BX+NP”。这两类句型在格式构造、否定辖域和语义不唯一方面与“不”类否定式比字句非常相似。最大的不同在于“没(有)”实际是对“比”字短语的完成体“比BX+(NP)+了”的否定,即对有起点和终点的动态事件进行否定。“不”、“没有”作为最典型的汉语否定标记,在与“比”的结合中,让比字句分别带上了自身的性质特点。“不”和“没(有)”两大类否定式比字句相似点为:句式统一,构成成分相同,都不能在结果项后有具体的数量短语;在语义上都是不完全否定,随否定焦点的位移产生语义的变化,造成否定的模糊性。差异点为:对于否定结果项的的选择上,“不”类否定式比字句的结果项对连续量的形容词短语接纳性强,“没(有)”类否定式比字句则对离散量的动词短语自由度高;二者的时体方面,“不”和“没(有)”类否定式比字句前者为一般现在,而后者主表过去完成;而在主客观色彩的差异上,“不”类否定式比字句较“没(有)”类的主观性更强,否定的强调意义也更强。
[Abstract]:Comparison is the basic way for human beings to understand things. In comparison, because of the difference between the objects, there are three kinds of results, which are similar, approximate and superior, which are expressed by different sentence patterns. Among them, the difference of "Gao Xia" belongs to the category of difference ratio. Under the category of difference ratio, the word "bi" is one of the most important sentence structures in modern Chinese. In real life, the existence of positive and negative forms and meanings of "Bi" is opposite and asymmetrical. On the basis of natural logic, "negation of AB, that is, the affirmation of AHB or AB", the negative mark "no", "no" and the combination of "Bi" can produce two kinds of semantics. This thesis focuses on two types of negative sentences: "No" and "No (you)". According to the construction and semantics, it is divided into four subcategories: "A is not BX", "A is not BX NP", "A is not (have) than BX", "A is not (have) than BX NP". This paper expounds the specific features of these sentence patterns from three aspects of pragmatic function and compares the negative sentences of "no" and "no" in general. There are two types of sentences: "A is not BX" and "A is not BX NP". The negative domain of both is generally "no" followed by the word phrase "than BX / NPN". When the result item X has NP with the number of tables, the negative focus shifts from X to NPs, where NP generally means a large quantity and a virtual meaning. In terms of semantic bias, the preferential semantics of the former sentence pattern is "A not XX BX", while the latter one is "A is better than BX, but the difference is small". In pragmatics, we find that when the result item X of the two types of sentence patterns is a negative phrase, the defensive meaning and negative effect of the sentence pattern are stronger, while when X is a positive and positive meaning, it has the meanings of explanation and euphemism criticism. The difference is that the former presupposes "B different X" and the latter "A is better than BX". The usage rate is much lower than the "no" class when the negative ratio is not. There are also two types of sentence patterns: "A is not (have) than BX", "A is not (have) than BX NP". These two kinds of sentence patterns are very similar to "Bu" negative words in form construction, negative domain and semantics. The biggest difference lies in the fact that "no" is the negation of "BX / NPN", namely, the negation of dynamic events with starting point and end point. As the most typical negative mark in Chinese, "no" and "no" have their own characteristics in combination with "Bi". The similarities between "no" and "no (you)" are as follows: the sentence structure is uniform, the composition is the same, there can be no specific quantitative phrase after the result item, and neither is completely negative semantically. With the shift of negative focus, semantic changes are produced, resulting in ambiguity of negation. The differences are as follows: on the choice of negative result items, the negative of "not" is more receptive to adjective phrases with continuous quantity than the result items of sentences, and the negative of "no" is more liberal to the verb phrases with discrete quantities than that of words; In terms of tense and aspect, the negatives of "no" and "no (have)" are generally present, while the latter are completed in the past, and in the difference of subjective and objective colors, The negation of "Bu" is more subjective and the emphasis of negation is stronger than that of "no (have)".
【学位授予单位】：西北大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：H146.3

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