训诂和汉语体系的关系

发布时间：2018-06-30 20:14

本文选题：训诂和训诂学 + 四类八则　；参考：《北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2015年01期

【摘要】：本文反思了《马氏文通》以来有关汉语研究的一部分有影响的理论,从训诂的角度分析汉语原生词的引申繁衍过程,揭示出汉语的词在用、义、音、形四个方面的八种情况,即"四类八则"。这"四类八则"可根据本用和活用划分为两个相对独立又相互作用的系统。其中本用、本义、本读、本字构成汉语静态系统,活用、引申、改读、假借构成汉语动态系统。前者为本,是汉语历时研究的基础;后者为用,能影响汉语共时研究。前者以原生词为核心,"词有定类";后者以孳乳词为核心,"离句无品"。汉语由此呈现为一个双系统构造。据此进一步提出两个主张:第一,通过解析现代汉语公案句、汉语叠词组合的结构属性等,指出汉语中词法重于句法。在汉语里,词法乃句法之本,词法不明则句法不明。第二,欲明汉语词法,有赖训诂和训诂学。训诂学立足于汉语静态系统,训诂则立足于汉语动态系统。尽管两千多年来,训诂和训诂学的研究对汉语做了相当全面而精细独到的描写,但汉语的发展变化不会终止,所以训诂和训诂学的工作永无止境。
[Abstract]:This paper reflects on some influential theories about Chinese studies since "Ma Shi Wen Tong", analyzes the extension and reproduction process of Chinese native words from the perspective of exegesis, and reveals the eight situations of Chinese words in use, meaning, sound and form. That is, "four categories and eight principles". The "four categories and eight principles" can be divided into two relatively independent and interactive systems according to the original and active use. Among them, the original meaning, this reading, this word constitutes the Chinese static system, the active use, the extension, the modification, the false loan constitutes the Chinese dynamic system. The former is the basis of Chinese diachronic research, and the latter can influence Chinese synchronic study. The former takes the original word as the core, "the word has definite category", and the latter takes the word of fruits as the core, and "leaves the sentence without goods". Therefore, the Chinese language is presented as a dual system structure. Based on this, two propositions are put forward: first, by analyzing the official case sentences in modern Chinese and the structural attributes of reduplicated words in Chinese, the author points out that lexical emphasis is more important than syntax in Chinese. In Chinese, morphology is syntactic origin, while lexical ambiguity is syntactic. Second, to Ming Chinese lexical, there are exegesis and exegetics. Exegetics is based on Chinese static system, exegesis is based on Chinese dynamic system. Although the study of exegesis and exegetics has made a rather comprehensive and unique description of Chinese for more than two thousand years, the development and change of Chinese will not end, so the work of exegesis and exegetics is endless.
【作者单位】：北京语言大学人文学院;
【分类号】：H13

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