西北方言与元白话特殊语法比较研究
发布时间：2018-09-16 20:07
【摘要】：本文从语言接触和类型学的角度,使用对比研究的方法对“元白话”和西北方言中与“纯汉语”异质的特殊语法现象进行考察研究。绪论部分明确了考察对象为元代蒙式汉语、“汉儿言语”和与阿尔泰语系接触的西北接触方言。三者作为接触对象相似但程度不同的连续统具有可比性。研究方法上,以蒙式汉语中的特殊语法现象为参照,分别考察同一语法范畴或表达在三种语言中的表现。目的是厘清西北接触方言与蒙式汉语和“汉儿言语”的关系,考察各语法参项在语言接触影响下的蕴含共性以及探究西北接触方言的性质和来源。第一章考察了复数词尾“每(们)”的特殊用法,认为西北接触方言和蒙式汉语属于同一类型;“汉儿言语”更接近于“纯汉语”。复数词尾“们”的接受度等级序列为:无生命名词指示代词/VP的/并列名词数量短语。第二章从语义格角度考察了三种语言的格范畴,蒙式汉语多以后置方位词做格标记,西北接触方言也有较为完整的格系统和丰富的后置格标记。“汉儿言语”和“纯汉语”一致,多用前置的介词做格标记。语言接触过程中易受影响的语义格的等级序列为:受事格/工具格/处所格与事格/同事格/依据格比较格。第三章考察了三种语言的语序类型。西北接触方言和蒙式汉语在具有和谐性或蕴含性的七种语序参项中全部显示出OV类型语序特征。“汉儿言语”的OV语序特征相对来说没有另外两者明显。从汉语保持VO型特征这个角度上说,“小句基本成分语序”和“前置词-后置词”这两种语序类型参项是最稳固的。第四章考察了蒙式汉语中出现的“者”、“呵”、“有”等助词和动词的特殊用法和蒙汉混合结构,除了用字不同以外,西北接触方言对应的助词和动词在分布和功能方面与其基本一致,而汉儿言语不具有这一特点。第五章是结语部分,通过对全部25种参项的考察,西北接触方言在23种参项上与蒙式汉语相似,在15种上与“汉儿言语”相似,因此西北接触方言更接近于蒙式汉语。西北接触方言中的特殊语法现象是语言转用引发的干扰导致的,和蒙式汉语的形成类似,都受到了阿尔泰语系语言底层的影响。
[Abstract]:From the perspective of linguistic contact and typology, this paper makes a comparative study of the special grammatical phenomena which are different from "pure Chinese" in "Yuan Bai Dialect" and "Northwest Dialect". It is comparable to the continuum which is similar to but different in degree as the object of contact. In the research method, the special grammatical phenomena in Mongolian Chinese are taken as the reference to examine the expression of the same grammatical category or expression in three languages respectively. The purpose is to clarify the relationship between northwest contact dialect, Mongolian Chinese and "Han'er language" and examine the grammatical parameters. Chapter One examines the special usage of the plural suffix "Men". It holds that the northwest contact dialect and Mongolian Chinese belong to the same type; the "Han'er dialect" is closer to "pure Chinese". The acceptance rank sequence of the plural suffix "Men" Chapter 2 examines the case categories of three languages from the perspective of semantic case. Mongolian Chinese has more post-positional nouns as case markers. Northwest contact dialects also have more complete case systems and abundant post-positional markers. Prepositions are case markers. The order of semantic cases that are easily affected in language contact is: patient case / instrumental case / place case and event case / colleague case / basis case. Chapter 3 investigates the order types of three languages. From the perspective of maintaining VO-type features in Chinese, the two types of word order parameters of "clause basic component order" and "preposition-postposition" are the most stable. The special usage of auxiliary words and verbs such as "ha", "you" and the mixed structure of Mongolian and Chinese are basically the same in distribution and function as the corresponding auxiliary words and verbs in the Northwest Contact Dialect except for their different usage. However, the Han dialect does not have this characteristic. The special grammatical phenomena in the Northwest Contact Dialects are caused by the interference caused by language transfer, similar to the formation of Mongolian Chinese and influenced by the bottom of the Altaic language family.
【学位授予单位】：兰州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：H172.2;H146
[Abstract]:From the perspective of linguistic contact and typology, this paper makes a comparative study of the special grammatical phenomena which are different from "pure Chinese" in "Yuan Bai Dialect" and "Northwest Dialect". It is comparable to the continuum which is similar to but different in degree as the object of contact. In the research method, the special grammatical phenomena in Mongolian Chinese are taken as the reference to examine the expression of the same grammatical category or expression in three languages respectively. The purpose is to clarify the relationship between northwest contact dialect, Mongolian Chinese and "Han'er language" and examine the grammatical parameters. Chapter One examines the special usage of the plural suffix "Men". It holds that the northwest contact dialect and Mongolian Chinese belong to the same type; the "Han'er dialect" is closer to "pure Chinese". The acceptance rank sequence of the plural suffix "Men" Chapter 2 examines the case categories of three languages from the perspective of semantic case. Mongolian Chinese has more post-positional nouns as case markers. Northwest contact dialects also have more complete case systems and abundant post-positional markers. Prepositions are case markers. The order of semantic cases that are easily affected in language contact is: patient case / instrumental case / place case and event case / colleague case / basis case. Chapter 3 investigates the order types of three languages. From the perspective of maintaining VO-type features in Chinese, the two types of word order parameters of "clause basic component order" and "preposition-postposition" are the most stable. The special usage of auxiliary words and verbs such as "ha", "you" and the mixed structure of Mongolian and Chinese are basically the same in distribution and function as the corresponding auxiliary words and verbs in the Northwest Contact Dialect except for their different usage. However, the Han dialect does not have this characteristic. The special grammatical phenomena in the Northwest Contact Dialects are caused by the interference caused by language transfer, similar to the formation of Mongolian Chinese and influenced by the bottom of the Altaic language family.
【学位授予单位】：兰州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：H172.2;H146
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