东乡语与兰州方言邀请语用策略对比研究

发布时间：2018-09-17 20:45

【摘要】：邀请是维持和谐的人际关系的重要手段,是邀请双方均受益的言语行为,在语用上属于邀请行为兼具承诺性与指令性言语行为类型。本研究从社会语用学角度对比分析东乡语和兰州方言的邀请言语行为的特点,并探究年龄和社会距离对于东乡语和兰州方言邀请语用策略所产生的影响。本研究总受试人数为696,其中角色扮演16人(东乡语8,兰州方言8),预测问卷有效受试80人(东乡语40,兰州方言40),正式问卷有效受试600人(东乡300,兰州方言300)。所有东乡语受试均来自东乡偏远山村,兰州方言受试均来自兰州市榆中县的农村地区。根据他们的实际年龄,受试分为青年组(16-35)和老年组(55-70),每组男女均等。本研究使用了角色扮演和问卷调查的方法来收集数据。角色扮演是最接近真实交际的收集语料的方法,它通过录音录像来收集半自然语料的同时还能有效控制各种社会变量。本研究设计了24个语境来进行角色扮演,每个语境下设计了8组对话(男青—男老,男青—女老,女青—男老,女青—女老,男老—男青,男老—女青,女老—女青,女老—男青),受试根据所设计好的语境来实施邀请,总共收集到384个有效视频(东乡语192,兰州方言192)。然后对角色扮演所获得的语料进行转写,统计出每一种邀请策略出现的频次,根据邀请策略的出现的高低频次来设计问卷选项。预测问卷包含24个语境,共获得80份有效问卷(东乡语40,兰州方言40)。本研究分析了预测问卷的调查结果,并采纳受试的访谈意见,对问卷进行了删减和修正。正式问卷包含12个语境,最终在两地收集到600份有效问卷(东乡语300,兰州方言300)。本研究根据Blum-Kulka等人1989年的“跨文化言语行为实现研究项目”(CCSARP)的研究方法,又参照了Garcia(2008)的研究,将邀请策略划分为:主言语行为部分(直接邀请策略和间接邀请策略),直接邀请又分为语气推导、请求、命令和愿望;间接邀请又分为建议、询问和暗示。主言语行为内修饰词部分,礼貌词、轻描淡写表达、个人主观看法、寻求许可同意。附加部分,分为理由、提供选择和询问三种策略。称呼部分,亲属称呼和职业称呼。所得数据通过SPSS16.0软件进行分析。研究结果显示:第一:东乡语的邀请策略有:(1)东乡人倾向于采用直接邀请策略而非间接策略。附加部分使用最多的策略是说明事由和询问的策略。(2)年龄差异影响东乡人的邀请语用策略。就主言语行为而言,直接邀请是老年和青年都最常使用的语用策略。就词汇修饰策略而言,老年比青年使用礼貌词多。老年使用职业称呼比青年多。就附加策略而言,老年比青年多使用说明事由和询问的策略,而青年则是提供选择的策略多于老年。(3)社会距离远近影响东乡人实施邀请言语行为的语用策略选择。在社会距离远时,采用直接邀请,使用礼貌词较多,采用职业称呼,附加策略多用询问和提供选择,说话人礼貌程度会比较高。在社会距离近时,更多采用亲戚称呼,附加策略多使用说明事由,说话人在邀请时礼貌程度较低,语言使用则较为随意。第二:东乡和兰州两地在实施邀请言语行为时,在观察了年龄和社会距离后发现,两地存在异同。(1)就相同点而言:在邀请时都倾向于直接邀请,都倾向于弱化,轻描淡写的词汇策略,在邀请时使用职业称呼的频次要要高于亲戚称呼,多使用说明事由的附加策略。(2)就不同点而言,东乡语比兰州方言使用直接邀请的策略多,东乡语在邀请主言语行为的策略中极少使用表达愿望的策略,使用礼貌词则少于兰州地区,东乡语使用亲戚称呼少于兰州方言。不同社会文化背景下,地区性的语言呈现其不同的特点,人们形成的语用习惯也存在差异。邀请会让说话人的积极面子高涨,同时也希望得到听话人同样的认同。这也是在邀请时大多采用直接邀请的原因。
[Abstract]:Invitation is an important means to maintain a harmonious interpersonal relationship and a speech act beneficial to both sides of an invitation. Pragmatically, it belongs to both promising and directive speech acts. The total number of participants in this study was 696, including 16 role-playing participants (Dongxiang 8, Lanzhou 8), 80 valid participants (Dongxiang 40, Lanzhou 40) and 600 valid participants (Dongxiang 300, Lanzhou 300). According to their actual age, the subjects were divided into young group (16-35) and old group (55-70), each with equal sex. This study used role-playing and questionnaire to collect data. Role-playing was the closest approach to real communication. In this study, 24 contexts were designed for role-playing, and eight groups of dialogues were designed for each context (male youth-male elder, male youth-female elder, female youth-male elder, female youth-female elder, male elder-male youth, male elder-female elder, female elder-female elder, male elder-male elder-female youth, female elder-female youth, female elder-female youth, female elder-female elder). A total of 384 valid videos (Dongxiang 192, Lanzhou 192) were collected according to the designed context. The corpus obtained from role-playing was transcribed and the frequency of each strategy was counted. Questionnaire options were designed according to the frequency of the strategy. A total of 80 valid questionnaires (Dongxiang dialect 40, Lanzhou dialect 40) were obtained in 24 contexts. The results of this study were analyzed and the questionnaires were deleted and revised with the help of interviews. The formal questionnaire contains 12 contexts and 600 valid questionnaires (Dongxiang dialect 300, Lanzhou dialect 300) were collected in both places. According to Blum-Kulka's 1989 CCSARP research method and Garcia's (2008) research, the invitation strategy is divided into three parts: the main speech act part (direct invitation strategy and indirect invitation strategy), the direct invitation is divided into tone deduction, request, order and desire, and the indirect invitation is divided into three parts: direct invitation strategy and indirect invitation strategy. Suggestions, Questions and Suggestions. Subject speech act modifiers, polite words, understatement, personal subjective opinions, seeking permission. Additional parts, divided into reasons, providing choices and asking three strategies. Addressing part, kinship address and professional address. The data obtained were analyzed by SPSS 16.0 software. The results show that: 1. Invitation strategies in local dialects are: (1) Dongxiang people tend to adopt direct invitation rather than indirect invitation strategies. The most frequently used strategies are explanatory and inquiry strategies. (2) Age differences influence the pragmatic strategies of Dongxiang people's invitation. As far as the additional strategies are concerned, the elderly use more explanatory and inquiry strategies than the young, while the young use more selective strategies than the old. (3) Social distance influences the pragmatic strategies of invitation speech act in Dongxiang. When social distance is long, direct invitation is adopted, polite words are used more, professional address is adopted, additional strategies are used to inquire and offer choices, the degree of politeness of the speaker is higher. Second, Dongxiang and Lanzhou are more casual. After observing their ages and social distances, we find that there are similarities and differences between them. (1) In terms of similarities, both of them tend to invite directly, tend to weaken, understate the vocabulary strategy, and use professional titles more frequently than relatives when inviting. (2) Dongxiang dialect uses more direct invitation than Lanzhou dialect in terms of different points. Dongxiang dialect seldom uses the strategy of expressing wishes in the strategy of inviting the main speech act. It uses less polite words than Lanzhou area. Dongxiang dialect uses less relative address than Lanzhou dialect. In the context of localization, regional languages have different characteristics and pragmatic habits. Invitation can make the speaker more positive and also hope to get the same recognition from the hearer. This is also the reason why direct invitation is mostly used in invitations.
【学位授予单位】：兰州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：H233;H172.2

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