汉语量词“张”的去范畴化研究

发布时间：2018-11-20 14:13

【摘要】：量词是汉藏语系里特有的一种词类,以其生动性和形象性活跃在人们的日常交际和文学作品中。一般来说,量词跟在数词后面形成数量结构修饰名词,表达数量意义。然而,在一些情况下,量词出现了非量词表达,不再具备典型量词的特征。去范畴化理论是对语言非常规现象的动态研究。量词出现的非量词表达就是发生去范畴化的结果。前人对量词的研究主要是静态描述,对其动态发展过程关注较少。众所周知,语言是不断发展变化的,所以仅关注其静态特征和常规用法是不够的。而对于去范畴化理论,大多数学者将其应用到对名词和动词的去范畴化现象的研究当中,很少有学者将其和量词研究结合。因此,本文将去范畴化理论应用到量词研究中,力图系统分析量词发生去范畴化现象后的句法分布特征和功能变化以及语义变化,以期对量词的动态发展有一个全面的理解。量词“张”经常出现在文学作品和日常交流中,具有代表性且在语料库中数量适中便于研究,故本文将量词“张”作为研究对象对其去范畴化现象进行考察。语料库中所有含“张”的词条都作为本研究的语料,作者通过对语料进行分词处理和词类标记找出量词的非量词用法,结合定性分析和定量分析,分别对其句法分布,功能和语义方面进行细致的研究。借助去范畴化及其相关理论,本研究发现,量词“张”在去范畴化过程中有程度之别。有些情况下量词完全去范畴化进入一个新的范畴,而有些情况下量词仍处于去范畴化的中间状态,即并未完全失去原范畴特征但具备一些其他范畴的属性。其次,在句法分布上,量词“张”的原型句法分布特征发生拓展,可以并入名词词素组成一个新名词,也可以跟着数词“一”并发生重叠后去修饰动词,还可以跟在介词后去限定动词,而且还能和形容词性词素组成一个新的形容词。再次,在功能层面上,作者借鉴前人的分析模式,从句法功能和语义功能两方面进行分析。从句法功能方面看,发生去范畴化的量词“张”从原来的定语位置拓展到词缀、状语和宾语等位置,跟在形容词性语素后时定语功能被弱化。在词缀位置时,只具备语法功能。从语义功能上来看,量词“张”从原来的非陈述功能和非指称功能拓展出陈述功能和指称功能。具有陈述功能有类似于命名的作用,而具有指称功能时能表示动词行为的方式。最后,在语义变化上,量词“张”会发生语义丧失,语义转指和语义抽象泛化。句法分布,功能和语义三方面的系统分析使读者对量词的动态发展过程有一个较为全面的了解,更能清楚掌握语言的发展变化。
[Abstract]:Quantifier is a special part of speech in Chinese and Tibetan languages, which is active in people's daily communication and literary works with its vividness and vividness. Generally, quantifiers follow numerals to form quantitative structures to modify nouns to express quantitative meanings. However, in some cases, quantifiers appear non-quantifier expression, no longer have the characteristics of typical quantifiers. The theory of de-categorization is a dynamic study of unconventional phenomena in language. The non-classifier expression of classifier is the result of decategorization. Previous researches on quantifiers are mainly static description, but little attention has been paid to the dynamic development of quantifiers. As we all know, languages are constantly changing, so it is not enough to focus on their static features and regular usage. However, for the theory of de-categorization, most scholars apply it to the study of the phenomenon of decategorization of nouns and verbs, and few scholars combine it with the study of quantifiers. Therefore, this paper applies the theory of de-categorization to the study of classifiers, and tries to systematically analyze the syntactic distribution characteristics, functional changes and semantic changes of quantifiers after the phenomenon of de-categorization, in order to have a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic development of quantifiers. The quantifier "Zhang" often appears in literary works and daily communication, and it is representative and convenient to study in the corpus. Therefore, this paper takes the quantifier "Zhang" as the object of study to investigate the phenomenon of de-categorization of the quantifier "Zhang". All the entries with "Zhang" in the corpus are used as the corpus data in this study. The author finds out the non-quantifier usage of quantifiers by processing the corpus and marking the parts of speech, and combines qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis to analyze the syntactic distribution of classifiers, respectively. The functional and semantic aspects of the detailed study. With the help of de-categorization and its related theories, this study finds that the classifier "Zhang" is different in the process of de-categorization. In some cases, the quantifier is completely de-categorized into a new category, while in some cases, the quantifier is still in the middle state of de-categorization, that is, it does not completely lose the original category characteristics but has some attributes of other categories. Secondly, in the syntactic distribution, the prototype syntactic distribution features of the classifier "Zhang" can be expanded to form a new noun with the noun morpheme, or the verb can be modified with the numeral "one" and reduplicated. They can also be followed by prepositions to define verbs and form a new adjective with adjective morphemes. Thirdly, on the functional level, the author analyzes the syntactic function and semantic function. From the perspective of syntactic function, the decategorization quantifier "Zhang" is extended from the original attributive position to the position of affix, adverbial and object, and the attributive function is weakened after the adjective morpheme. In the position of affix, only has the grammatical function. In terms of semantic function, the classifier "Zhang" extends the function of statement and reference from the original function of non-declarative and non-referential. The way in which a verb acts when it has a declarative function similar to a nomenclature. Finally, in the semantic change, the quantifier "Zhang" will have semantic loss, semantic transfer and semantic abstraction generalization. The systematic analysis of syntactic distribution, function and semantics enables readers to have a more comprehensive understanding of the dynamic development of quantifiers and to better grasp the development and changes of language.
【学位授予单位】：贵州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：H146.2

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