心理咨询师共情的语用策略研究

发布时间：2019-03-15 08:23

【摘要】：现代社会中,由于生活节奏的加快和剧烈的竞争,许多人面对着巨大的精神压力,由此引发了各种各样的心理问题。这些问题不仅会影响到个人健康,也会影响到家庭幸福和社会和谐。心理咨询可以帮助人们更好地控制自我情绪状态,激发自我察觉意识与自身潜能。随着人们心理健康意识的增强和社会各界对心理问题的重视,我国的心理咨询行业得到了飞速发展。心理咨询是“以言治病”的活动,咨询师通过言语来推动双方的会谈,从而达到治疗目的。而这一推动会谈的过程必然涉及到语用策略的选择和运用。大量的研究表明,要想取得良好的治疗效果,培养一种温暖、愉悦、可信的关系是心理治疗中的重要因素。在建立这种关系的过程中,共情起着至关重要的作用。心理咨询中的共情是指咨询师从来访者的角度理解来访者的想法、感受和痛苦的敏感性和意愿。它是准确感受当事人的私人世界的能力,是智力与情感的过程,不仅需要认知、理解另一个人的情绪与处境,还需要将这种理解准确地传达给来访者。虽然共情这一现象引起了专家学者的重视并已有许多研究成果,但这些研究大都是从心理学角度出发,关注点在于较为宏观的共情的作用及技术层面,而对于咨询师在会谈过程中共情表达的具体实践方面研究很少。因些,本文以真实心理咨询中的语料为研究对象,从心理学和语用学相结合的角度出发,结合语言顺应论,对心理咨询师在实际会谈中传达共情的具体语用策略进行了研究。本研究的语料收集于高校心理咨询中心、心理访谈电视节目以及心理学专业书籍中的经典案例。本研究结合语言顺应论,运用质性研究法和阐释法,对收集的语料进行了分析,提取了咨询师表达共情的语言片段,通过对这些语言的分析试图找出心理咨询师在共情过程中使用的具体语用策略。通过整理归纳,本研究总结出了心理咨询师在会谈过程中传达共情的语用策略。这些策略分别是：根据具体的语用环境使用一定的指示词语传达共情；通过解述传达共情；通过问话预设传达共情。从理论意义出发,本研究以心理咨询话语这种特殊的机构话语为研究对象,从语言学的角度对心理咨询语言进行研究,展现了心理咨询师共情的语用策略,丰富了心理咨询话语的语用学理论,弥补了对心理咨询师共情语言研究的不足。从实际意义出发,本研究所得结论也可以心理咨询师提供借鉴,提高其共情表达的策略与水平,促进与改善咨询双方的关系。另外,本研究对人们的日常会话交流也有一定的借鉴作用,通过运用共情策略来提高会话效率,促进人际关系。
[Abstract]:In modern society, due to the quickening of the pace of life and fierce competition, many people face great mental pressure, which leads to a variety of psychological problems. These problems affect not only personal health, but also family happiness and social harmony. Psychological counseling can help people better control self-emotional state, stimulate self-awareness and self-potential. Along with the enhancement of people's mental health consciousness and the attention to psychological problems from all walks of life, the psychological consultation industry in our country has been developed at full speed. Psychological counseling is an activity of "treating diseases with words". The counselor promotes the talks between the two sides through words to achieve the purpose of treatment. The process of promoting the talks is bound to involve the choice and application of pragmatic strategies. A large number of studies have shown that cultivating a warm, pleasant and credible relationship is an important factor in psychotherapy in order to achieve a good therapeutic effect. Empathy plays a crucial role in establishing this relationship. Empathy in psychological consultation refers to the sensitivity and willingness of the counselor to understand his thoughts, feelings and pain from the perspective of the visitor. It is the ability to accurately feel the private world of the parties. It is a process of intelligence and emotion. It not only needs to know and understand another person's emotion and situation, but also needs to convey this understanding to the visitors accurately. Although the phenomenon of empathy has attracted the attention of experts and scholars and has a lot of research results, most of these studies are from a psychological point of view, focusing on the role of empathy and the technical aspects of macro-level. However, there is little research on the specific practice of empathy expressed by consultants in the course of the talks. Therefore, taking the corpus of real psychological consultation as the research object, this paper studies the specific pragmatic strategies of psychological counselors to convey empathy in practical talks from the point of view of the combination of psychology and pragmatics, combined with linguistic adaptation theory. The data collected in this study are classic cases from psychological counseling centers, psychological interview TV programs and psychological professional books in colleges and universities. Combining with linguistic adaptation theory, this study analyzes the collected corpus by using qualitative research method and interpretation method, and extracts the language fragments of counselors expressing empathy. Through the analysis of these languages, the author tries to find out the specific pragmatic strategies used by psychological counselors in empathy. Through sorting out and summarizing, this study summarizes the pragmatic strategies of psychological counselors to convey empathy in the course of the talks. These strategies are: using certain demonstrative words to convey empathy according to the specific pragmatic environment; conveying empathy through interpretation; and communicating empathy through questioning presupposition. From the theoretical point of view, this study focuses on the psychological counseling discourse, which is a special institutional discourse, and studies the psychological counseling language from the linguistic point of view, which shows the psychological counselor's empathy pragmatic strategy. It enriches the pragmatic theory of counseling discourse and makes up for the deficiency of empathy language study of psychological counselors. From the practical point of view, the conclusion of this study can also be used for reference by psychological counselors to improve the strategy and level of empathy expression and to promote and improve the relationship between the two sides. In addition, this study can be used for reference to improve the efficiency of conversation and promote interpersonal relationship by using empathy strategies.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：H136

【相似文献】