现代汉语羡余否定现象语义分析及界面研究

发布时间：2019-06-26 22:48

【摘要】：羡余性作为语言的重要特性,因其违背了语言的经济性原则却又在实际语用中广泛存在而备受语言学界关注。其中否定标记在结构中失去语义价值的羡余否定现象是其重要类型。本文基于标注语料库,通过对20种常见羡余否定格式进行详尽的语义结构分析,归纳出每种格式对应的语义结构模型,揭示羡余否定结构中不同义类的核心成分对后接成分的语义语法制约机制,并尝试从语义—语用界面角度对羡余否定现象进行了新的解读。首先,依据《词汇义类标记集》(李葆嘉,孙道功2011),按照羡余否定结构的通用格式“Y (核心成分)+X (羡余否定词)+VP”中核心成分Y的词汇义类,构建了羡余否定结构的新分类体系。在该体系下,基于标注语料库归纳出了20种羡余否定格式的语义结构模型,并据此分析了各大类的动核分布情况,其中以数目最多的陈述类与评估类为主,发现陈述类呈现出集中分布而评估类呈现出分散分布的特点。此外,本研究还揭示了各义类的核心成分对后接成分在语法和语义上的制约作用。语法制约方面,考察发现多达19种格式可后接动词性的肯定结构,只有“差……不到”格式中只能接表数量的名词性结构。另评估大类的程度类格式除了可以后接动词性结构外,更常见地是后接具有描述性的名词性结构。语义制约方面,陈述类与评估类内部呈现出一致性与差异性的统一,情况较复杂。而限定类、指称类、描述类由于格式单一,语义制约也各自不同。总体而言,核心成分的词汇义和说话人意图是形成羡余否定结构中语义制约的主要原因。其次,基于对这20种羡余否定格式的语义结构分析,本文揭示了 6种产生羡余否定现象的原因,分别是内隐性否定的溢出、外显性否定的复现、词汇情态义的复现、主观标记的凸显、构式演变、小句的整合或糅合。其中属于“内隐性否定的溢出”的羡余否定格式有10种,所占比例最高;而“外显性否定的复现”与“词汇情态义的复现”分别占2种和3种。考察发现实际上这三种成因之间具有一致性,它们都集中体现了语义的底层制约性。而其他三种成因概括面较小,分别占有1种、2种和1种,它们更多地体现了语言在运用过程中的演变和语用作用的凸显。最后,本文从凸显主观性、增强语言的表现力、更符合汉语的说话习惯三个方面探讨了羡余否定这一特殊语言现象的语用价值。并就此在语义—语用存有界面观的立场上进行了延伸,尝试性地探讨了羡余否定现象中的语义—语用问题。本文以预设触发语和部分格式核心成分的交叉关系为出发点,揭示了部分核心成分可作触发语,通过自身的词汇意义提供表层的语义线索,从而使听话者能够在听见核心成分时即时激发预设包含的背景信息,从而对后接结构的语义内容做出正确反应,通过语用推理准确抓住说话人意图,不会因羡余否定词而受到误导。本文仅选择了现代汉语中常用的20种羡余否定格式作为研究对象,在对羡余性的语言现象的覆盖范围方面仍然具有一定的受限性,还需进一步完善。同时,本选题在语义-语用界面研究上只是进行了初探,继续挖掘像羡余否定现象这类语用价值极高的语言现象在界面互动上的规律还亟待后续学者的关注。
[Abstract]:As an important feature of the language, the essence of the language has been paid much attention by the linguistic circle because of the violation of the economic principle of the language and the widespread existence of the practical pragmatics. The non-negative phenomenon in which the negative mark loses its semantic value in the structure is its important type. In this paper, based on the dimension corpus, the semantic structure model corresponding to each format is analyzed by the detailed semantic structure analysis of the 20 common residual negative forms, and the semantic syntax restriction mechanism of the back-connected component is disclosed. In this paper, the author attempts to make a new interpretation of the phenomenon of residual negation from the perspective of semantic and pragmatic interface. First of all, the new classification system of the residual negative structure is constructed according to the lexical meaning of the core component Y in the general format "Y (core component) + X (residual negative) + VP" of the residual negative structure. In this system, the semantic structure model of 20 kinds of non-negative forms is presented based on the dimension corpus, and the distribution of the moving cores in each category is analyzed, among which the most number of statements and the evaluation classes are the main ones. It is found that the presentation class presents a concentrated distribution and the evaluation class presents the characteristics of the dispersed distribution. In addition, this study also reveals the restrictive effect of the core components of the various classes on the grammar and the grammar. In the aspect of grammar, it is found that as many as 19 forms can be connected to the affirmative structure of the verb, only the noun structure of the number of tables can be connected in the "Poor. can't find" format. The degree-of-class format of another category can be followed by a verb-based structure, more often followed by a descriptive term structure. In terms of the semantic constraints, the unity of the consistency and the difference between the statement and the evaluation class is more complex. The definition class, the reference class and the description class are each different due to the single format and the semantic restriction. In general, the lexical meaning of the core component and the speaker's intention are the main reason to form the semantic restriction in the residual negative structure. Secondly, based on the analysis of the semantic structure of the non-negative forms of these 20 species, this paper reveals the causes of the non-negative phenomena, which are the spillover of the implicit negative, the recurrence of the external dominant negative, the recurrence of the meaning of the words, the salience of the subjective marks, and the evolution of the structure. A whole or a combination of small sentences. Among them, there are 10 types of non-negative forms belonging to the "the overflow of the implicit negative", and the proportion is the highest; and the "the recurrence of external dominant negative" and the "The Repetition of the Meaning of the Lexical Modality" account for 2 and 3 respectively. It is found that there is a consistency between these three causes, and they all reflect the underlying making of the semantic. The other three causes are small, with one, two and one, more of which reflect the evolution of the language in the process of application and the salience of the pragmatic function. In the end, this paper discusses the pragmatic value of the phenomenon of the special language from the three aspects of the subjectivity, the enhancement of the expressive force of the language, and the speaking habit of the Chinese. This paper extends the position of the interface view in the semantics and pragmatics, and tries to explore the semantic and pragmatic problems in the phenomenon of residual negation. Based on the cross-relation between the pre-set trigger and the core component of partial format, this paper reveals that some of the core components can be triggered, and the semantic clue of the surface layer can be provided through its own lexical meaning. So that the listener can instantly excite the preset background information when the core component is heard, so that the semantic content of the back-connected structure can be correctly reacted, the intention of the speaker can be accurately captured through the pragmatic inference, and the listener can not be misled by the residual negative word. In this paper, we have only selected 20 kinds of non-negative forms commonly used in modern Chinese as the research object, and still have a certain limited nature in the coverage of the language phenomenon of the more and more, and need to be further improved. At the same time, in the study of the semantic-pragmatic interface, the topic of this topic is only a preliminary study, and the law of the language phenomenon which is extremely high in pragmatic value, such as the phenomenon of the negation of the phenomenon, is still in need of the follow-up scholars' attention.
【学位授予单位】：南京师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：H146;H136

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