梦与爱的较量—论哈代《还乡》中的现代性困境

发布时间：2018-03-02 15:40

本文选题：《还乡》　切入点：弗洛姆　出处：《云南师范大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：作为19世纪至20世纪期间最具影响力的现实主义作家之一,哈代对于所处时代的社会变迁十分敏感,其著名的“威塞克斯小说”展示了英国西南部多塞特的自然风光和社会风俗习惯,呈现了工业文明给当时社会所带来的变化和不良影响,揭示了人性的美与丑、善与恶。哈代的第一部悲剧小说《还乡》出版于1878年,虽名气不如其后期小说《德伯家的苔丝》或《无名的裘德》,但仍属哈代的杰出作品之一。《还乡》一书主要写了两位男女主人公幸福结合而又走向悲惨破裂的故事。男主人公克莱姆在大都市巴黎从事珠宝行业,事业有成、前途似锦。然而他却厌恶大都市的奢靡生活,一心只想回到家乡创办一所学校,帮助乡民改变自己的命运。而出生于城市却因父母去世而搬到埃顿荒原与外祖父生活的尤苔莎,厌恶这个地方,一心向往的就是能生活在巴黎这样的大城市,过上上流社会的美好生活,来实现自身的人生价值。可想而知,生活目标如此截然不同的两个年轻人的婚姻,最终只能走向失败。再者,小说中另一个重要角色达蒙,为了追求尤苔莎推迟了与托玛辛的结婚。他一心只想占有尤苔莎,而并不是真正的爱。通过讲述这样一段悲情的爱恋故事,《还乡》展现了一段爱与梦想之间的纠葛,洞察了现代性给人类社会所带来的负面影响,抨击了工业文明对自然、人类以及两性情感所造成的扭曲。《还乡》这个标题仅从字面意思理解远远不够,它有着更深层次的内涵。诚然,这部小说围绕着从巴黎远道归来的克莱姆展开。哈代的这位归乡者是一个有着现代面容的现代人,怀揣着教书育人的梦想从现代都市巴黎回到埃顿荒原。他的回归象征着现代性的对立面,这正是哈代的理想归宿。整篇小说的行文结构都在围绕着游苔莎与克林的梦想展开。梦想是他们生存的希望,也是造成他们悲剧发生的根源所在。字里行间,作者哈代从未评价过他们的梦想的对与错,他只是在呈现现代人的痛苦与生存困境。男主人公还乡的梦想正是作者对工业文明和现代性的斥责以及对淳朴生活的怀旧之情的体现。提及现代人的生存困境,美国人本主义哲学家弗洛姆对现代人的生存境况所表现出的审美关怀以及对爱的探讨,不论是应用于文本分析,还是对当代社会,皆具有积极的启示和借鉴作用。因此,本文试图以弗洛姆的审美思想为理论基点,解读《还乡》中主人公的梦想、爱情、婚姻、激情、异化以及焦虑,探讨哈代对现代人生存困境的理解。在新的时代背景下重新解读《还乡》,有助于我们在伟大作家们对现代工业文明的批判中找到共鸣,更好地寻找到人生的意义、把握人生的奥妙,提醒人们关心自我、关爱他人,以审美的方式消弭现实中的压抑与异化,实现诗意的栖居。
[Abstract]:As one of the most influential realist writers from 19th century to 20th century, Hardy was very sensitive to the social changes of his time. His famous "Wessex novel" shows the natural scenery and social customs of Dorset in southwestern England, presents the changes and adverse effects of industrial civilization on the society at that time, and reveals the beauty and ugliness of human nature. Good and evil. Hardy's first tragic novel, returning Home, was published in 1878. Although not as famous as his later novels Tess of the Deborgs or Jude of the unknown, it is still one of Hardy's outstanding works. The return to Home book is devoted to the story of the happy union of the two protagonists and the tragic breakdown of their lives. Clem, the hero, works in the jewelry industry in the metropolis of Paris, But he hated the extravagant life of the big city, and only wanted to return to his hometown to set up a school. To help the townspeople change their own destinies. But Yutsa, who was born in a city and moved to the Eton wasteland to live with her grandfather because of his parents' death, abhors this place and aspires to live in a big city like Paris. The marriage of two young people, whose goals are so different, can only fail in the end. Moreover, Damon, another important character in the novel, In pursuit of Youtesa, he postponed marriage to Tomasin. He wanted only to possess Yattesa, not the true love. By telling such a sad love story, "return home" shows a struggle between love and dreams. Insight into the negative impact of modernity on human society, and criticism of the distortions caused by industrial civilization to the feelings of nature, human beings and both sexes. It has a deeper connotation. True, the novel revolves around Clem, who returned from Paris. Hardy's homecoming is a modern man with a modern face. With the dream of teaching and educating, he returned from Paris, the modern city, to the Eton wasteland. His return symbolized the opposite of modernity. This is Hardy's ideal destination. The structure of the novel revolves around the dreams of Tessa and Klin. Dreams are the hope for their survival and the source of their tragedy. The author Hardy has never commented on the right or wrong of their dreams. His dream of returning to his hometown is a reflection of the author's rebuke of industrial civilization and modernity and his nostalgia for simple life. American humanist philosopher Fromm's aesthetic concern for the living conditions of modern people and the discussion of love, both in text analysis and in contemporary society, have positive enlightenment and reference function. Based on Fromm's aesthetic thoughts, this paper attempts to interpret the hero's dreams, love, marriage, passion, alienation and anxiety in returning to his hometown. To probe into Hardy's understanding of the plight of modern people's existence and to reinterpret "returning to one's hometown" in the context of the new era will help us find resonance in the criticism of modern industrial civilization by great writers and better find the meaning of life. Grasp the mystery of life, remind people to care about themselves, care for others, aesthetic way to eliminate the reality of repression and alienation, to achieve poetic residence.
【学位授予单位】：云南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：I561.074

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