《浮士德》《魔山》《大师和玛格丽特》中的“瓦尔普吉斯之夜”主题学研究

发布时间：2018-04-08 21:24

本文选题：“瓦尔普吉斯之夜”　切入点：主题学　出处：《东北师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：“瓦尔普吉斯之夜”源自德国的宗教传说,描述“巫魔夜会”情景:每年五月一日前夕之夜,众魔鬼、女巫会赶赴布罗肯山参与集会。在起源上,它与英国土著督伊德教的古老习俗——夜间祭祀有关,是基督教世界对异教进行妖魔化的产物。作为异教仪式的衍生物,“瓦尔普吉斯之夜”具有原型性质,是超越时空的永恒财富,不断吸引历代作家进行继承与再创造,这使它成长为一种文学主题。“瓦尔普吉斯之夜”主题具有强烈的魔幻色彩,在情节上表现为魔鬼的狂欢夜,其精神实质则是释放本能欲望、来自生命或自然的原始力量,以及被理性、秩序所约束或禁止的内容。歌德的《浮士德》、托马斯·曼的《魔山》、米哈伊尔·布尔加科夫的《大师和玛格丽特》,均化用该主题,在为题材注入活力的同时,又使其成为思考理性和非理性问题的文学化表达。本文从比较文学主题学视角出发,基于《浮士德》或歌德本人对托马斯·曼、布尔加科夫在创作上的影响,以及《浮士德》与《魔山》、《大师和玛格丽特》之间的对话性,一方面系统梳理三部作品对“瓦尔普吉斯之夜”主题的继承、改造,另一方面,探究该主题所呈现的关于理性和非理性的深刻思考。文章共分三个部分。第一部分考察《浮士德》里的“瓦尔普吉斯之夜”主题,通过分析第一部里浮士德的“性”梦、第二部里古希腊图像之“丑”以及对原始生命力的追逐,认为歌德借用该题材,强调了关于人和自然的原始部分,即人性欲望、自然的原生图像和生命的原始力量,并在认同这些非理性元素的同时,通过书写浮士德“永不满足”的向上运动,将其刻画为兼具感性和理性的存在者——既无法摆脱自然欲望,又有追求“体验”的自由意志。这种双重性是歌德人格二重性的体现,也是他在感受纯粹理性主义的局限后进行的一次超越性探索。作为原始生命力和理性精神的追求者,歌德关注欲望、情感等非理性力量,又憧憬“理性王国”,从而建构起一种包含非理性在内的更高层面的理性,实现了非理性在理性牵制下的和谐统一。第二部分围绕托马斯·曼的《魔山》,发现原先描述魔鬼夜晚的“瓦尔普吉斯之夜”被拓展到人间,搭建起一个违反常规的狂欢化世界。面对19世纪末20世纪初理性主义传统的式微,托马斯·曼让主人公化身反叛者,不仅告别了启蒙理性的代表,进入对肉体的颂歌,还令其释放出爱欲,拥抱了东方之象征。用这种带有非理性元素的浪漫方式,托马斯·曼实现了对以理性标准衡量一切的启蒙理性的反思,并在意识形态上表现出对充满非理性色彩的东方道路的亲近,以此呼应了“西方的没落”的悲叹和弥漫欧洲的非理性主义思潮。第三部分聚焦米哈伊尔·布尔加科夫的《大师和玛格丽特》,主要探讨作者在“瓦尔普吉斯之夜”题材里呈现的疯癫幻想。在变革时代的俄罗斯,布尔加科夫是孤独的“文学之狼”,现实世界的禁锢,让他不得不求助于幻想。他在果戈理传统中找到出路,将神秘主义表现编入现实语境,即在延续传统“瓦尔普吉斯之夜”元素的基础上,添入复仇女神和魔鬼作为审判官的角色,让人物代替自己向现实世界复仇,并以发笑的方式,消解了现实生活中丧失信仰、追求物质的庸俗理性;但在解构的同时,布氏又塑造出有圣母光环的永恒女性,赋予其拯救功能,表达圣母崇拜和“拯救世界”的美好愿望,传递出来自东正教传统的非理性信仰。在“瓦尔普吉斯之夜”题材上,歌德、托马斯·曼、布尔加科夫对理性和非理性问题都有所思考。他们看到时代价值规范的单向思维倾向,意图呼唤被世人忽略的价值取向。这种思考是他们在有限人生中对永恒问题的追寻,既显露出一种理性思维和批判性反思,又体现了超越有限生命的渴望和对永恒这种存在方式的追求。
[Abstract]:"Wahl Walpurgis Night" from the German religious legends describe "Witches night" scenario: every year in May 1st before the evening night, the devil, witch will be rushed to the broken hill in the rally. In origin, it is with the British native druidic ancient custom - night ritual, is product of demonization of the pagan Christian world. As a pagan ritual derivative, "Val Pukki J's night" is the archetypal nature, is the eternal wealth beyond time and space, continue to attract the writer of inheritance and creation, which makes it grow as a literary theme. "Wahl Walpurgis Night" theme has a strong magical color, in the plot is the devil's carnival night, its essence is the release of instinctive desire, original power comes from life or nature, and be rational, constraint or forbidden order. Goethe's Faust < >, support Maas Man's "magic mountain Mikhail Bulgakov >, < > master and Margaret, both with the theme of invigorating the theme and literary expression and make it become the problem of rational thinking and irrational. From the perspective of comparative literature theme, based on < > Faust or Gerd himself to Thomas Man, Bulgakov in the creation, as well as < > > and < Faust little dialogue between the master," and Margaret ", a system combing the three works of" Val Pukki J night "theme of the inheritance, transformation, on the other hand, to explore the themes of the rational and profound thinking. The article is irrational divided into three parts. The first part of the study of" Wahl "Faust" Walpurgis Night "theme, through the analysis of the first Ministry of Faust" and "dream, second ancient Greek image of the" ugly "to And chase to primitive vitality, that Goethe borrowed the theme, emphasizing the original part about human and nature, namely the human desire, the original power of the nature and life of the native image, and in recognition of these non rational elements at the same time, through writing Faust "never satisfied" upward movement, portraying him as a present both emotional and rational, is unable to get rid of the natural desire and the pursuit of "experience" free will. This duality is the embodiment of Goethe personality duality, he is also in the feeling of pure rationalism limitations beyond the first exploration. The primitive vitality and rational spirit of pursuit, pay attention to the desire of Goethe, emotional and other non rational power, and look forward to the "rational kingdom", thus establishing a non rational, contains higher levels of rationality, realize non rational harmony in the rational restraint A "magic mountain. The second part revolves around Thomas Man's discovery >, originally described the devil night" Wahl Walpurgis Night "has been extended to the world, build a violation of conventional carnival world. At the end of nineteenth Century and early twentieth Century in the face of traditional rationalism decline, Thomas Mangen the hero incarnation of the rebels, not only bid farewell to the enlightenment the representative of the body into the Carol, but also the release of Eros, embrace the Oriental symbol. With these romantic irrational elements, Thomas Man realized the reason of rational reflection and measure, and show close to full of irrational colors of the Oriental Road in ideology, in order to echo the" decline of the west "lament and diffuse irrationalism in Europe. The third part focuses on Mikhail Bulgakov's" master and Margaret >, Lord To discuss the author in "Wahl Walpurgis Night" theme in the crazy fantasy. In times of change in Russia, Bulgakov is lonely "literature of the wolf, durance of the real world, so he had to resort to fantasy. He found the way out in the Gogol tradition, the mysticism in the context of the performance. Based on the continuation of the traditional" Wahl Walpurgis Night "elements, adding the vengeance and the devil as the judge's role, let people replace their revenge to the real world, and to laugh the way digestion. In real life, loss of faith, the pursuit of rational vulgar material; but in the deconstruction of the shape and at the same time, Brandt the eternal female virgin aura, giving the save function, expression of Mariolatry and the desire for" save the world ", transfer out of the non rational belief from the Orthodox tradition." Wahl, Phuket Night "theme, Gerd, Thomas Man, Bulgakov have been thinking of rational and irrational problems. They see the one-way thinking tendency era value standard, the intention of calling value orientation by the world. This kind of thinking is to ignore them in the life of the eternal problem of limited search, which shows a kind of rational thinking and critical reflection. It reflects the desire to go beyond the limited life and existence of the pursuit of the eternal.

【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：I106.4

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