麦克尤恩早期小说中的个体化危机主题研究

发布时间：2018-04-27 20:05

本文选题：伊恩·麦克尤恩 + 个体化　；参考：《上海外国语大学》2017年博士论文

【摘要】：伊恩·麦克尤恩(Ian McEwan,1948-)是20世纪70年代以来活跃于英国文坛的最具影响力的作家之一。他的文风简洁而又细腻,质朴却不乏诗意。他以犀利的眼光洞察当代英国社会的弊病,反思历史与人类文明。他早期的小说一方面揭示了个体化社会的文化、心理、政治、道德等各方面的危机主题,另一方面又传达出拯救的可能和重塑的希望。危机主题贯穿于他的早期小说,蕴含了他对人类生存困境以及解决途径等问题的深刻思索。他的早期作品蕴含了丰富的“个体化社会”思想,他在作品中既形象地呈现了个体化社会的各种危机,又将危机上升到作品主题层面,深入加以阐释并提出解决路径。本论文以麦克尤恩早期四部主要小说为研究对象,借用社会学理论中的“个体化”概念,分别从文化、心理、政治和道德等层面考察与分析麦克尤恩早期小说中的个体化危机主题,揭示麦克尤恩对当代西方社会现实的形象再现所达到的思想深度与艺术高度。论文除导论和结论之外,正文由四章构成。导论部分概览麦克尤恩小说创作简史,梳理国内外研究现状,界定“个体化”概念的内涵,阐明社会学理论视角的适用性,最后介绍本论文的总体思路与结构框架。第一章从《水泥花园》中传统共同体文化的衰落入手,探讨了个体化社会的文化危机主题。在《水泥花园》中,麦克尤恩通过对传统家庭和睦文化消解的描述,不仅呈现了传统父权制文化的土崩瓦解,体现了女权主义运动的巨大影响,也彰显了个体化社会中货币的巨大分离效应。而且小说中家庭的孤岛型处境以及城市特色文化的衰落彰显了城市邻里文化的丧失,显示了个体化社会人际关系的功用化特征,进而展现了现代文明对于人类心灵的残害和腐蚀效应。更为重要的是,小说中充斥的感官文化的侵蚀体现了个体化社会具有高度凝聚力的社群文化的衰落,显示了大众文化对高雅文化的排斥,从而暗示了民族凝聚力的严重削弱。总而言之,麦克尤恩通过该作品与历史形成了对话,表达了他对于传统共同体文化在个体化社会的衰落这一局面的深深惋惜,更为重要的是,这也隐含了他对于为欲望所充斥的消费文化的深刻质疑与批判。第二章以《只爱陌生人》中人物面临的精神困境为切入点,探讨了个体化社会的心理危机主题。在《只爱陌生人》中,麦克尤恩通过对人物的情感萎缩的描述,不但解构了传统意义上的真爱,揭示了个体化社会人与人之间的纯粹关系这一本质,还展示了个体化社会的消费欲望化这一特征。并且人物不能独立进行自我界定以及身份的越界,体现了个体化社会中个体的自我认同感的丧失,进而展现了传统的身份认同方式以及相对固定的人际关系的瓦解。尤为重要的是,人物在现实中的漫无目的的观光客身份映衬了他们在精神上的流浪者形象,这不仅体现了他们的归属感的丧失,表明了传统社会秩序在个体化社会中的分崩离析,而且揭示了西方形而上学观念的终结带来的严重后果。总之,麦克尤恩通过书写处于不确定性当中的个体产生的各种心理危机,不仅充分展示了个体化社会的各种心理话语,揭示了导致心理危机的各种诱因,也暗含了他的积极发展个体化社会人际交往的真实意图。第三章从《时间中的孩子》中的异化政治入手,探讨了个体化社会的政治危机主题。麦克尤恩通过对个体化社会的政治背离个体的需求的描绘,既解构了传统意义上的政治与个体之间的和谐统一,又展现了个体化社会共通感的消亡给政治带来的严重后果,进而显示了公民沦落为个体的巨大负面效应。不仅如此,由《育儿手册》引发的政府的信任危机与政府权威的丧失不但体现了政治的合法性危机,凸显了资本主义社会中资本积累与民主诉求之间的内在矛盾,而且揭示了个体化社会公共领域的丧失带来的严重后果。更进一步说,麦克尤恩通过展示个体化社会中经济对政治的严重侵蚀,彰显了个体化社会的去政治化危机。他通过表现去政治化的将社会的新的不平等进行自然化的功能,揭露了资本主义制度的腐朽本质。总而言之,麦克尤恩对于个体化社会的政治危机的书写,不但颠覆了政治的传统价值,也表达了他对于构建和谐政治的期待与构想。第四章以《无辜者》中的人物道德选择的模糊性入手,探讨了个体化社会的道德危机主题。麦克尤恩通过对人物的趋利避害的心理和行为的描述,不但揭示了个体化社会中个体的道德责任的缺失,而且凸显了个体化社会的“自我奠基”型道德的负面效应。并且人物对自己的罪行的反思既体现了人物的道德观念的沦丧,又彰显了注重个人情感和个人好恶表达的情感主义道德观对个体化社会的道德的巨大影响。最为重要的是,人物对传统伦理准则的违背不仅预示了个体化社会的道德根基的坍塌,体现了传统的道德践行背景在个体化社会的消亡,而且揭示了善与有用之间的二律背反,进而反映了消费主义对于个体化社会道德冷漠的巨大推动作用。总之,麦克尤恩对于个体化社会的道德危机的书写,不但颠覆了传统的道德观念和道德准则,解构了道德的本体论意义上的地位,而且传达了基于“移情”的道德教化构想以及“为他者负责”的道德重构理想。麦克尤恩的早期作品蕴含着关于个体化危机的丰富的社会学思想。首先,麦克尤恩通过反映个体化社会中传统共同体文化的瓦解,揭示了个体化社会的消费者合作社模型的文化特征。其次,麦克尤恩通过展示从现代秩序下解放出来的个体由于受消费主义观念的侵蚀,在心理上面临的一系列困境,体现了个体化社会中个体的心无所属的“流浪者”心理。再次,麦克尤恩通过呈现个体化社会中资本的全球流动导致的权力的游离,以及它给政治带来的严重后果,揭示了个体化社会中政治的无效与无能特征。最后,麦克尤恩通过反映个体化社会中的道德的模糊性,批判了个体化社会的“自我奠基”型道德。个体化社会的这一系列危机体现了麦克尤恩对危机主题从一般到具体的一个逐步演绎过程。从更深层次上来讲,个体化的各种危机是西方形而上学观念的终结引发的后果在社会各领域的具体表现。麦克尤恩的早期四部小说是对个体化社会危机的深刻反思,同时也是一种拯救,并传达出重生的希望。在麦克尤恩看来,“个体化社会”危机不仅是晚期资本主义的一种社会现象,也是一种文学书写,一种审美认知,一种救赎途径,更是一种对生存的形而上的反思与体验过程。
[Abstract]:Ian McEwen (Ian McEwan, 1948-) is one of the most influential writers who have been active in the British literary world since 1970s. His style is concise, delicate and poetic. He has a keen insight into the maladies of contemporary British society and Introspection of history and human civilization. His early novels revealed individualization on the one hand. The theme of crisis in social cultural, psychological, political, moral and other aspects, on the other hand, conveys the possibility of salvation and the hope of reshaping. The theme of the crisis runs through his early novels, which contains his deep thought on the problems of human existence and the solution. His early works contain rich "individualized society". In his works, he not only presents a variety of crises in the individual society, but also raises the crisis to the theme of the work, and explains and puts forward a solution to it. This thesis takes the four early novels of Mceuen as the research object, and borrows the "individualized" concept in the theory of sociology, from culture, psychology, politics and way, respectively. This paper examines and analyzes the theme of individualized crisis in Mceuen's early novels and reveals the ideological depth and artistic height of Mceuen's image reproduction of contemporary western social reality. Besides the introduction and conclusion, the text is composed of four chapters. The introduction gives a brief overview of the brief history of Mceuen's novel creation and combs the research at home and abroad. The present situation is to define the connotation of the concept of individualization, clarify the applicability of the perspective of sociological theory, and finally introduce the overall thinking and structural frame of this thesis. The first chapter, starting with the decline of the traditional community culture in the cement garden, discusses the main theme of the cultural crisis in the individualized society. In the cement garden, Mceuen passes the tradition. The description of the disintegration of the family harmony culture not only presents the disintegration of the traditional patriarchal culture, reflects the great influence of the feminist movement, but also shows the huge separation effect of the money in the individualized society. Moreover, the island situation of the family and the decline of the cultural characteristics of the City show the loss of the culture of the city neighbourhood. It shows the utilitarian characteristics of individual social relationships, and then shows the damage and corrosion effect of modern civilization on the human mind. More importantly, the erosion of the sense culture in the novel embodies the decline of the highly cohesive social culture in the individual society, and shows the exclusion of the popular culture to the elegant culture. It implies a serious weakening of national cohesion. In a word, Mceuen has formed a dialogue with history to express his deep regret for the decline of the traditional community culture in a individualized society. More importantly, it also implies his deep questioning and approval of the consumption culture that is full of desire. In the second chapter, the theme of psychological crisis in individualized society is discussed with the spiritual predicament of "only love strangers >". In the "only love stranger", Mceuen's description of the emotional atrophy of the characters has not only deconstructed the true love in the traditional sense, but also revealed the pure relationship between the individual and the people. In essence, it also shows the characteristics of the consumption desire of the individual society. And the characters can not be independently defined and the identity is transgression, which embodies the loss of individual self identity in the individual society, and then shows the traditional identity method and the disintegration of the relative fixed interpersonal relationship. The identity of the aimless tourists in reality reflects the image of their wanderers in the spirit, which not only reflects the loss of their sense of belonging, shows the disintegration of the traditional social order in the individualized society, and reveals the serious consequences of the end of the western metaphysics. In a word, Mceuen passed through The various psychological crises that the individual produces in the indeterminacy not only fully display the various psychological discourse of the individualized society, reveal the various inducements that lead to the psychological crisis, but also imply the true intention of his positive development of individual social interpersonal communication. The third chapter begins with the alienation politics in the children in the time. The theme of the political crisis in the individualized society is discussed. By depicting the individual needs of the individualized society, Mceuen not only deconstructs the harmony and unity between the politics and the individual in the traditional sense, but also shows the serious consequences of the extinction of the individualized sense of social commonality to the politics, and then shows that the citizen is reduced to one. Not only that, the government's trust crisis and the loss of government authority caused by the "child care manual" not only reflect the political legitimacy crisis, but also highlight the inherent contradiction between the capital accumulation and the Democratic demands in the capitalist society, and reveal the serious after the loss of the individual social and public domain. Further more, Mceuen revealed the decadent nature of the capitalist system by showing the politicized and naturalized function of the new unequal social unequality by showing the politicization of the new unequal society in the individualized society by showing the serious erosion of the economy to politics in the individualized society. The writing of the political crisis in the body of body, not only subverts the traditional value of politics, but also expresses his expectation and conception of building a harmonious politics. The fourth chapter, starting with the fuzziness of the moral choice of the characters in the innocent, discusses the theme of moral crisis in the individualized society. Mceuen's psychology of taking advantage of the characters and avoiding harm through the characters is the psychology of the people. The description of the behavior not only reveals the lack of individual moral responsibility in the individual society, but also highlights the negative effects of the "self foundation" morality of the individualized society. And the reflection of the characters to their crimes reflects the loss of the moral concept of the characters and the emotion that pays attention to the expression of personal feelings and personal dislikes and dislikes. The most important thing is that the violation of the traditional ethical standards not only indicates the collapse of the moral foundation of the individualized society, but also reflects the death of the traditional moral practice background in the individual society, and reveals the negative two laws between the good and the useful, and then reflects the elimination. In a word, Mceuen's writing of moral crisis of individualized society not only subverts the traditional moral concept and moral standards, but also deconstructs the status of the moral sense of morality, and conveys the idea of moral enlightenment based on "Empathy" and "for the other". Mceuen's early works contain the rich sociological ideas about the individualized crisis. First, Mceuen reveals the cultural characteristics of the model of the consumer cooperatives in the individualized society by reflecting the disintegration of the traditional community culture in the individualized society. Secondly, Mceuen shows it through the display. The individuals emancipated by the modern order, eroded by the concept of consumerism, are confronted with a series of psychological difficulties, which reflect the "wanderer" psychology of the individual in the individual society. Again, Mceuen is free of power caused by the global flow of capital in the individualized society, and it gives the political belt to the political zone. The serious consequences come to reveal the inefficiency and incompetence of the individual society. Finally, Mceuen criticizes the "self foundation" morality of the individualized society by reflecting the fuzziness of morality in the individualized society. The series of crises in the individualized society reflect Mceuen's theme from the general to the specific one. A gradual process of deduction. From a deeper level, the individual crisis is the concrete manifestation of the consequences of the end of Western metaphysics. The four early novels of Mceuen are a profound reflection on the individualized social crisis, but also a salvation and a hope of rebirth. In Mike It seems that the crisis of "individualized society" is not only a social phenomenon of late capitalism, but also a literary writing, a kind of aesthetic cognition, a way of redemption, and a metaphysical reflection and experience process of survival.

【学位授予单位】：上海外国语大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：I561.074

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