论《黑暗的心》中的日神冲动与酒神冲动
发布时间：2018-09-11 13:12
【摘要】：《黑暗的心》是英国作家约瑟夫·康拉德最为著名的作品之一小说的构思来自于康拉德的亲身经历。主人公马洛的刚果河之旅实际上是一场对人性以及殖民主义的本质的探索。康拉德对两位主要人物马洛与克鲁兹的性格设定分别与尼采美学所呈现的日神与酒神的特质不谋而合,而《黑暗的心》中对殖民主义虚伪性的描述以及本质的揭露,体现了日神冲动与酒神冲动的对立关系。本文以尼采的日神冲动与酒神冲动的美学理论为研究工具,分析马洛与克鲁兹的不同的命运走向,并通过探讨殖民行为给殖民者与殖民地人们带来的后果,来揭露殖民主义的罪恶本质。 论文分为引言、正文、结语三个部分。引言部分概括了国内外对《黑暗的心》的研究成果,简要阐述了日神冲动与酒神冲动的概念并说明了本文的研究价值。正文由三部分构成： 第一章分析了日神冲动在主人公马洛身上的具体体现。马洛在刚果的所见所闻让他明白了殖民主义的邪恶本质,而他身上的日神本质帮助他保持了自身的个体性从而幸免于被其他白人所同化。日神冲动所赋予他的自制力、责任感以及道德感帮助他对抗邪恶力量,从而没有像其他白人一样沦为殖民主义的爪牙。另一方面,刚果河的殖民者的残忍行为让马洛对人性的本质产生了一种极度失望之情,同时从事殖民事业的马洛陷入了一种对自我认同的缺失中。于是马洛把在刚果河的殖民工作内容转换为拯救克鲁兹,从而得到了一种自我认可。在寻找克鲁兹的过程中,马洛对克鲁兹产生了美好的幻想。马洛对克鲁兹的幻想体现了他对人性的幻想。然而,与克鲁兹的相处让马洛认识到克鲁兹内心的黑暗与贪婪,对克鲁兹的幻灭使马洛陷入了一种对人性失望的痛苦中。小说最后马洛对克鲁兹未婚妻的谎言体现了日神精神的美化功能,即用美丽的面纱掩盖世间最根本的痛苦。 第二章主要探讨了酒神精神在克鲁兹身上的体现。为了追求财富,克鲁兹来到远离西方文明的刚果。在这里,克鲁兹完全丧失了抵抗邪恶力量的日神自制力。主要有两方面的原因导致克鲁兹失去了日神自制力,第一是外界原因。在刚果,没有法律与文明的束缚,克鲁兹可以肆意妄为。第二是内在原因,对自我价值的缺失使得克鲁兹远离了白人群体,走上了无节制之路。没有日神的自制力的牵制,克鲁兹在酒神冲动的驱使下开始了对财富无节制的追求并最终走上了毁灭之路。克鲁兹的毁灭体现了在没有日神冲动抑制下的酒神冲动的毁灭力量。 第三章论述了日神冲动与酒神冲动的对立结构在殖民主题上的应用。西方殖民者运用各种谎言来美化殖民主义的实质,正如日神光芒给酒神本质撒上了一层遮掩的面纱。在《黑暗的心》中,女人们活在对殖民主义美好幻想中,而在这层面纱下暗藏的是殖民主义的邪恶本质。而追求荣誉与财富的“文明的传播者”面对的却是肉体的死亡和精神上的折磨,他们“光明的使命”给殖民地人民带来了黑暗。在《黑暗的心》中,文明开化实为血腥奴役,传播文明实为追求财富。 通过对比马洛的幸存和库尔兹的毁灭,康拉德指出人性的本质不是永恒地镌刻于我们的本性中的,而是来源于个人与残忍、贪婪的本性进行对抗。日神精神和酒神精神之间的对抗存在于每一个人的心中,只有两者平衡我们才能最终幸存。康拉德在日神的幻想和酒神的现实的框架下揭露了殖民主义的真相。在这种框架下,康拉德对殖民主义的揭示得到进一步地加深。不仅如此,通过对殖民主义的揭露,康拉德带领读者直面帝国主义的虚伪本性。虽然生活在百年之前,但康拉德对于人性和世界的敏锐洞察仍然影响着现代的人们。
[Abstract]:"Heart of Darkness" is one of the most famous works of Joseph Conrad. The idea of the novel comes from Conrad's own experience. Marlowe's journey to the Congo River is actually an exploration of human nature and the nature of colonialism. Conrad sets the characters of Marlowe and Cruz separately from Neil. The description of the hypocrisy of colonialism in Heart of Darkness and the exposition of its essence reflect the antagonistic relationship between the impulse of Apollo and the impulse of Dionysus. This paper, based on Nietzsche's aesthetic theory of the impulse of Apollo and the impulse of Dionysus, analyzes the differences between Marlowe and Cruz. The evil nature of colonialism is revealed by the trend of destiny and the consequences of colonial actions on colonists and colonists.
The thesis is divided into three parts: the introduction, the main body and the conclusion. The introduction summarizes the domestic and foreign research results on Dark Heart, briefly expounds the concepts of Apollo impulse and Dionysian impulse and illustrates the research value of this paper.
The first chapter analyzes the manifestation of Helios'impulse in Marlowe, the protagonist. What Marlowe saw and heard in Congo made him understand the evil nature of colonialism, and the Helios' nature helped him to maintain his individuality and avoid being assimilated by other whites. Morality helped him fight against evil forces so that he did not fall into colonialism like any other white man. On the other hand, the cruelty of the Congo River colonists caused Marlowe to be extremely disappointed with the nature of human nature. At the same time, Marlowe, who was engaged in the colonial cause, fell into a loss of self-identity. In the process of finding Cruz, Marlowe had a wonderful fantasy about Cruz. Marlowe's fantasy about Cruz embodied his fantasy about human nature. However, with Cruz, Marlowe realized the darkness and darkness of Cruz's heart. Greed, disillusionment with Cruz, plunges Marlowe into a kind of agony of human disappointment. Marlowe's lies to Cruz's fiancee at the end of the novel embody the beautifying function of the Apollo spirit, that is, to cover up the most fundamental pain in the world with a beautiful veil.
The second chapter mainly discusses the embodiment of Dionysian Spirit in Cruz. In pursuit of wealth, Cruz came to Congo far away from western civilization. Here, Cruz completely lost the self-control of Helios against evil forces. There are two main reasons for Cruz to lose the self-control of Helios. Without the restraint of Helios'self-control, Cruz began his unrestrained pursuit of wealth and eventually went to destruction under the impulse of Dionysus. Lu. Cruz's destruction embodies the destructive power of Dionysus impulse without the inhibition of Apollo.
Chapter Three deals with the application of the opposition between the Apollo impulse and the Dionysian impulse to the colonial theme. Western colonists use various lies to beautify the essence of colonialism, just as the Apollo light has cast a veil over the essence of Dionysian. In Heart of Darkness, women live in a beautiful illusion of colonialism, and in this respect Underneath the veil lies the evil nature of colonialism, while the "propagators of civilization" who seek honor and wealth are confronted with physical death and spiritual torture. Their "mission of light" brings darkness to the colonial people.
By comparing Marlowe's survival with Kurtz's destruction, Conrad points out that the essence of human nature is not perpetually engraved in our nature, but stems from the confrontation between the individual and the cruel, greedy nature. Conrad exposed the truth of colonialism in the framework of the illusion of the God of the sun and the reality of the God of wine. Conrad's exposition of colonialism was further deepened in this framework. Ladd's keen insight into human nature and the world still affects modern people.
【学位授予单位】：湖南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：I561.074
本文编号：2236779
[Abstract]:"Heart of Darkness" is one of the most famous works of Joseph Conrad. The idea of the novel comes from Conrad's own experience. Marlowe's journey to the Congo River is actually an exploration of human nature and the nature of colonialism. Conrad sets the characters of Marlowe and Cruz separately from Neil. The description of the hypocrisy of colonialism in Heart of Darkness and the exposition of its essence reflect the antagonistic relationship between the impulse of Apollo and the impulse of Dionysus. This paper, based on Nietzsche's aesthetic theory of the impulse of Apollo and the impulse of Dionysus, analyzes the differences between Marlowe and Cruz. The evil nature of colonialism is revealed by the trend of destiny and the consequences of colonial actions on colonists and colonists.
The thesis is divided into three parts: the introduction, the main body and the conclusion. The introduction summarizes the domestic and foreign research results on Dark Heart, briefly expounds the concepts of Apollo impulse and Dionysian impulse and illustrates the research value of this paper.
The first chapter analyzes the manifestation of Helios'impulse in Marlowe, the protagonist. What Marlowe saw and heard in Congo made him understand the evil nature of colonialism, and the Helios' nature helped him to maintain his individuality and avoid being assimilated by other whites. Morality helped him fight against evil forces so that he did not fall into colonialism like any other white man. On the other hand, the cruelty of the Congo River colonists caused Marlowe to be extremely disappointed with the nature of human nature. At the same time, Marlowe, who was engaged in the colonial cause, fell into a loss of self-identity. In the process of finding Cruz, Marlowe had a wonderful fantasy about Cruz. Marlowe's fantasy about Cruz embodied his fantasy about human nature. However, with Cruz, Marlowe realized the darkness and darkness of Cruz's heart. Greed, disillusionment with Cruz, plunges Marlowe into a kind of agony of human disappointment. Marlowe's lies to Cruz's fiancee at the end of the novel embody the beautifying function of the Apollo spirit, that is, to cover up the most fundamental pain in the world with a beautiful veil.
The second chapter mainly discusses the embodiment of Dionysian Spirit in Cruz. In pursuit of wealth, Cruz came to Congo far away from western civilization. Here, Cruz completely lost the self-control of Helios against evil forces. There are two main reasons for Cruz to lose the self-control of Helios. Without the restraint of Helios'self-control, Cruz began his unrestrained pursuit of wealth and eventually went to destruction under the impulse of Dionysus. Lu. Cruz's destruction embodies the destructive power of Dionysus impulse without the inhibition of Apollo.
Chapter Three deals with the application of the opposition between the Apollo impulse and the Dionysian impulse to the colonial theme. Western colonists use various lies to beautify the essence of colonialism, just as the Apollo light has cast a veil over the essence of Dionysian. In Heart of Darkness, women live in a beautiful illusion of colonialism, and in this respect Underneath the veil lies the evil nature of colonialism, while the "propagators of civilization" who seek honor and wealth are confronted with physical death and spiritual torture. Their "mission of light" brings darkness to the colonial people.
By comparing Marlowe's survival with Kurtz's destruction, Conrad points out that the essence of human nature is not perpetually engraved in our nature, but stems from the confrontation between the individual and the cruel, greedy nature. Conrad exposed the truth of colonialism in the framework of the illusion of the God of the sun and the reality of the God of wine. Conrad's exposition of colonialism was further deepened in this framework. Ladd's keen insight into human nature and the world still affects modern people.
【学位授予单位】：湖南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：I561.074
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