上海港出入境国际海员营养及生活质量研究

发布时间：2018-02-02 01:01

本文关键词： 上海港海员营养 DBI-07 生存质量　出处：《复旦大学》2013年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：研究背景海洋是人类第二大的生存和发展空间。海洋运输已经成为国际间贸易的主要运输方式,而在整个海运系统中最重要的就是海员这一庞大而特殊的群体。海员的工作环境与陆地有很大区别,不但要面对恶劣的自然环境,还要承受船舶本身的噪音、振动、电磁辐射的影响,此外远离社会和家人分离,固定的上下级关系等因素严重影响海员的健康状况。除了健康以外,这样一种特殊的工作环境,还对海员的饮食结构和生存质量有着巨大的影响。研究目的 1、了解上海港出入境中国籍海员的营养素摄入情况,营养知识情况及其行为特点。 2、探究国际海员的生存质量及其影响因素。 3、通过本次研究,提出如何通过改善海员营养状况和膳食结构、营养态度行为来提升国际海员的生活质量的建议。研究方法本次研究是在途径上海港的国际航行船舶上开展的,针对中国籍海员的一次横断面调查。随机抽取4条主要国际航线集装箱货轮上的海员,作为调查对象,通过自填式的问卷、3天称重记账表和生存质量简表(WHOQOL-BREF)收集相关的人口学信息,海员的膳食摄入信息、营养KAP信息和生存质量信息。旨在了解不同航线、不同职位、不同年龄组等,海员的营养情况及生存质量,分析可能存在的影响海员营养和生存质量的因素,为今后改善海员营养状况等提供可靠的依据。研究结果本次调查的海员样本全部为男性中国籍,年龄最大的63岁,最小的为20岁,年龄中位数为30(25～40)岁,汉族占总数的95.7%。样本海员的已婚者占55.8%,未婚和离异者分别为40.9%和3.2%。海员受教育程度主要以大专以上学历为主,收入主要集中在500～1000美元/月和大于2000美元/月。调查结果显示有43.8%的海员超重,1.7%的海员为肥胖。海员的膳食问题主要是,新鲜水果、奶制品和豆类的摄入普遍不足,未能达到推荐两者在70%以上,而畜禽肉、食用油、盐的摄入则普遍过量,超过推荐量的人数比例在80%以上。除此之外,海员的脂肪类摄入过量,占总供能的41.9%,三餐能量分配和不合理,晚餐能量占全天能量的50%。海员的膳食摄入主要受航线影响(p0.05),美洲航线的海员营养缺乏的问题较少,但是可能存在营养摄入过量的问题。膳食平衡研究发现80.4%的海员存在低度以上的摄入过量,37.7%的海员存在低度以上的摄入不足,近一半海员存在膳食不平衡的情况。海员的膳食模式主要以模式A为主,此外还有部分属于模式B和模式D。海员的膳食平衡受到B M I、年龄、航线、伙食费等因素影响。海员营养知识普遍薄弱,得分为6.4±3.7分,且不同年龄组和教育水平组的海员,其营养知识得分也具有显著差异(p0.05)。海员营养态度较好,但是缺乏获取营养知识的途径,他们更关心食品安全的问题。三餐不规律是海员营养行为的主要问题。海员的生存质量在四个领域均低于常模(p0.05),且受到年龄、教育、海龄等多种因素的影响。结论虽然海员的总体营养状况已经有了很大的改善,但是总体膳食不平衡的情况依然比较普遍。新鲜水果和奶制品缺乏的问题尤其突出。此外虽然维生素和微量元素的缺乏未出现明显的临床症状,但是需要引起足够的重视。海员营养知识普遍匮乏,运动不足和三餐无规律也是此次研究发现的另外一个问题。海员的生存质量普遍较差,这给航运管理方敲响了警钟。建议采取各种有效的干预措施,提高海员的生存质量；制定相关的法律法规,保障海员的权益；开展健康教育提高海员的营养知识,建立合理的伙食补给途径,推动家庭与企业共建；海员自身注意,改变不良的生活习惯,加强自我健康的管理。
[Abstract]:Research background
The sea is the human survival and the development space second. Ocean transportation has become the main mode of transport in international trade, and the most important in the whole shipping system is a large and special seafarer groups. Work environment and land seafarers are very different, not only to face the harsh natural environment, but also bear the ship the influence of noise, vibration, electromagnetic radiation, in addition, away from family and social isolation, fixed relationships and other factors seriously affect the health of seafarers. In addition to health, such a special working environment, but also the diet structure and the quality of life for seafarers has a huge impact.
research objective
1, to understand the nutrition intake, nutrition knowledge and behavior characteristics of the Chinese seafarers in Shanghai port.
2, to explore the quality of the international seafarers and their influencing factors.
3, through this study, we put forward suggestions on how to improve the quality of life of seafarers by improving the nutritional status and dietary structure of the seafarers and nutrition attitude behavior.
research method
This study is carried out in the way of the port of Shanghai international sailing ships, according to a cross-sectional survey of China seamen. Seafarers were randomly selected from 4 major international airlines cargo, as the research object, through a self-administered questionnaire, 3 days weighing accounting table and survival quality scale (WHOQOL-BREF) to collect demographic the related information of seafarers' dietary intake, nutritional information and KAP quality of life information. In order to understand the different routes, different positions, different age groups, the nutritional status and quality of life of seafarers, analysis of possible influence factors of seafarers nutrition and quality of life, and provide a reliable basis for the improvement of seafarers' nutritional status. The results of the study.
The survey sample all male China seafarers membership, the oldest 63 years old, the youngest was 20 years old, the median age was 30 years old, Han (25~40) accounted for 95.7%. of the total number of seafarers sample of 55.8% married, unmarried and divorced were 40.9% and 3.2%. seafarers educated mainly in college education level, income is mainly concentrated in the $500~1000 / month and more than $2000 / month.
The survey results show that 43.8% of the 1.7% sailors for seafarers are overweight, obesity. The diet problem of seafarers is mainly, fresh fruit, dairy products and beans is generally inadequate, recommend both failed to reach above 70%, and the livestock and poultry meat, edible oil, salt intake is excessive, more than the recommended amount of proportion in 80% above. In addition, seafarers fat excessive intake, total energy supply of 41.9% meals, and unreasonable allocation of energy, energy accounted for 50%. dinner all day long energy dietary intake of seafarers is mainly affected by the influence of route (P0.05), the lack of sea routes of the American nutrition problem is less, but there may be excessive intake of nutrition the problem.
Study on the balanced diet found that 80.4% had low or excessive intake of seafarers, 37.7% sailors had low above the intake, nearly half are seafarers of dietary unbalance. Seafarers dietary pattern mainly in the mode of A, in addition to a balanced diet part of mode B and mode D. B M I by seafarers, age the influence factors, routes, meals and so on.
Seafarers' nutritional knowledge is generally weak, score was 6.4 + 3.7, and the sailors of different age groups and education level group, the nutrition knowledge score has significant difference (P0.05). The seafarer nutrition attitude is better, but the lack of access to nutrition knowledge, they are more concerned about the issue of food safety. Irregular meals is the main problem of seafarers nutrition behavior.
The quality of life of seafarers in four areas is lower than the norm (P0.05), and is influenced by many factors such as age, education, and sea age.
Although the overall nutritional status of seafarers has greatly improved, but the overall dietary imbalance situation is still relatively common. Fresh fruits and dairy products lack is especially prominent. Although lack of vitamins and trace elements without obvious clinical symptoms, but need to pay enough attention to nutrition. Seafarers generally lack of knowledge, in addition a lack of exercise and meals were also found. The generally poor quality of life. And this is a wake-up call for the shipping management.
Take a variety of effective intervention measures, improve the quality of life of seafarers; formulate relevant laws and regulations, protect the seafarers' rights and interests; to carry out health education to improve the nutritional knowledge of seafarers, establish a reasonable way to promote food supply, family and enterprise; Seamen's own attention, change the bad habits of life, strengthen the self health management.

【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：R151

【参考文献】