核事故危机应对中相关伦理道德问题的研究

发布时间：2018-03-17 14:16

本文选题：核事故危机　切入点：伦理道德　出处：《第四军医大学》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：核能是一把“双刃剑”，它在给人类带来财富和能源的同时，也可能会给我们人类生存带来危机，造成不可逆转的灾难。从1954年前苏联第一次和平利用核能发电开始，世界核电的发展已经走过了近六十年辉煌却艰难曲折的历史。美国三里岛核事故、前苏联切尔诺贝利核事故在人类生活中的影响还未完全淡去，2011年3月日本大地震引发的7级福岛核事故，再一次将全世界的目光聚焦于核电产业和核安全发展上，核电厂的安全问题又一次引起国际社会的高度关切。欧盟开始检讨核安全政策，对欧盟各国的核设施进行排查，并且计划制定更严格的核能反应堆安全标准。德国惊人地宣布将于2022年前关闭国内所有核电站。我国也对此作出积极应对，即刻组织对正在运行的核设施进行全方位、系统安全检查，通过全面细致的安全评估，切实排查安全隐患，确保绝对安全，采用最先进的标准对所有在建核电站进行安全评估，严格审批新上核电项目，抓紧编制核安全规划，调整完善核电发展中长期规划。2012年3月在首尔召开了第二届核安全峰会，与会各国首脑共同探讨了核恐怖主义威胁及各国和国际社会的应对措施。历史上的几次重大核事故警示我们要妥善利用核能，要高度重视核电的安全发展。具有最高水平的科技、最冷静的国民素质的日本都避免不了核事故危机的发生，那么以后该如何发展核电工业，如何与核安全打交道，如何有效应对潜在可能的核事故危机，做好核事故危机的应对和应急工作，提升核事故医学应急救援的质量等等成为每个核能利用国家“国家安全”的必备研究课题。本文联系切尔诺贝利核事故、福岛核事故危机应对和应急救援的经验、教训，明确了核事故危机应对中政府、政治家、核电企业、核科学家、国际原子能机构等国际组织和国际社会、军队的责任和义务；分析了核事故危机造成的环境难题和危机应对需注意的生态伦理规范；梳理了核事故危机中的新闻传播伦理问题；强调了提升公民个人素养和科学素质的重要性；重点研究了核事故危机中医学应急救援面临的特点、任务，提出了核事故医学应急救援的伦理要求、医德原则。文章最后一部分联系核恐怖袭击需要面对的问题及应对思路和原则，，反思了核能及高科技应用对整个人类发展、人类命运的终极影响。
[Abstract]:Nuclear energy is a "double-edged sword", which not only brings wealth and energy to mankind, but also may bring crisis to our human survival and bring about irreversible disaster. Since 1954, the former Soviet Union has used nuclear energy for the first time to generate electricity for peaceful purposes. The development of nuclear power in the world has gone through a glorious but arduous history of nearly 60 years. The three Mile Island nuclear accident in the United States, The impact of the Chernobyl nuclear accident in the former Soviet Union on human life has not been completely allayed. The magnitude 7 Fukushima nuclear accident triggered by the great earthquake in Japan on March 2011 once again focused the world's attention on the nuclear power industry and the development of nuclear safety. Once again, the safety of nuclear power plants is a matter of great concern to the international community. The EU has begun to review its nuclear safety policy and conduct inspections of its nuclear facilities. And it plans to set stricter safety standards for nuclear reactors. Germany has surprisingly announced that it will close all nuclear power plants in the country by 2022. Our country has also responded positively to this and has immediately organized a full range of nuclear facilities in operation. System safety inspection, through a comprehensive and meticulous safety assessment to effectively check the hidden dangers of safety, ensure absolute safety, adopt the most advanced standards for the safety assessment of all nuclear power plants under construction, and strictly examine and approve new nuclear power projects. The second Nuclear Security Summit was held in Seoul on March 2012. The leaders of the participating countries jointly discussed the threat of nuclear terrorism and the countermeasures of each country and the international community. Several major nuclear accidents in history have warned us to make proper use of nuclear energy and attach great importance to the safe development of nuclear power. Japan, with its highest level of science and technology and the most calm national qualities, cannot avoid the nuclear accident crisis. Well, how to develop the nuclear power industry in the future, how to deal with nuclear safety, how to effectively respond to the potential nuclear accident crisis, and how to deal with the nuclear accident crisis and emergency work well. Improving the quality of medical emergency rescue of nuclear accidents and so on has become an essential research topic for every nuclear energy utilization country's "national security". Referring to the experiences of the Chernobyl nuclear accident, the Fukushima nuclear accident crisis response and emergency rescue, this article clarifies the government, politicians, nuclear power enterprises, nuclear scientists in the crisis response to the nuclear accident. The responsibilities and obligations of the international organizations such as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the international community, the analysis of the environmental problems caused by the nuclear accident crisis and the ecological ethical norms needed to pay attention to the crisis, the sorting out of the ethical issues of news communication in the nuclear accident crisis; The importance of improving citizen's personal accomplishment and scientific quality is emphasized, the characteristics and tasks of medical emergency rescue in nuclear accident crisis are studied, and the ethical requirements of nuclear accident medical emergency rescue are put forward. The last part of the article relates to the problems that nuclear terrorist attacks need to face and the thinking and principles to deal with them, and reflects on the ultimate influence of nuclear energy and high-tech applications on the development and fate of mankind as a whole.
【学位授予单位】：第四军医大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：R-052;R144

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