北京市顺义区农村饮水现状及健康风险评价

发布时间：2018-03-19 16:12

本文选题：农村　切入点：水厂　出处：《中国疾病预防控制中心》2016年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：目的：掌握北京市顺义区农村供水设施和水质状况,发现存在的水质问题,评价水质的健康风险,为保障饮水卫生安全提供依据。方法：采用普查的方法,通过对村干部和水厂负责人的问卷调查和访谈,调查顺义区农村19个乡镇、365个行政村的355处供水工程的基本情况；按照北京市2014年和2015年《农村饮用水卫生检测项目北京市实施方案》的要求,在顺义区19个乡镇中抽取39个村,共计检测312份水样,分析农村水质卫生状况。采用国际癌症研究机构(IARC)提供的水质健康风险评价模型,分析顺义区2015年农村饮水对人体产生的健康危害效应,进行人群健康风险评价。结果：顺义区农村日供水量在1000吨以上的水厂有90处,占全区水厂数的25.35%,供水人口占全区农村人口的44.81%。农村水厂水源类型均为地下水,56.06%的水厂30米范围内有污染源；269处水厂有消毒设备,占总数的75.77%。截止到2013年调查时,有337处水厂完成管网更新,占调查水厂总数的94.93%。按生活饮用水卫生标准评价,该区农村饮用水的总体合格率为68.27%,其中一般化学指标、微生物学指标合格率较高在95%以上,合格率比较低的主要是感官性状指标(色度：90.38%)和部分毒理指标(砷：84.94%)。枯水期的合格率稍高于丰水期,差异无统计学差异(X2=0.370,P=0.543)。出厂水水质合格率低于末梢水合格率,差异无统计学意义(X2=0.356,P=0.551)。不同供水规模的水质合格率比较无统计学意义(X2=0.266，P=0.966)。管网更新的水厂末梢水水质合格率(72.18%)远高于管网未更新的水厂(33.33%),差异有统计学意义(X2=7.761,P=0.005)。有卫生许可证的水厂出厂水水质合格率(76.92%)高于没有卫生许可证的水厂(62.04%),差异有统计学意义(X2=2.829,P=0.093)。水质健康风险评价表明,顺义区各乡镇饮水镉和铬(六价)的个人年风险均在5×10-5 a-1量级以下,有4个乡镇饮水砷的个人年风险在5×10-5 a-1量级以上。各乡镇躯体毒物质的风险度远低于5×10-5 a-1,相对较高的氟化物的风险度在10-9 a-1量级上。结论：顺义区农村水厂以单村供水为主,日供水量以小型供水工程居多,一半以上的水厂30米范围内有污染源。影响顺义区农村饮水合格率的主要指标为感官性状指标和毒理指标。农村水厂供水管网更新、卫生许可有助于提高农村饮用水水质合格率。健康风险评价显示部分乡镇饮水砷存在健康风险。
[Abstract]:Objective: to understand the water supply facilities and water quality in Shunyi District of Beijing, find out the existing water quality problems, evaluate the health risk of water quality, and provide the basis for ensuring drinking water sanitation and safety. The basic situation of 355 water supply projects in 365 administrative villages and 19 villages in Shunyi District was investigated by questionnaire survey and interview with village cadres and water plant leaders. In accordance with the requirements of the Beijing implementation Plan of the Rural drinking Water Sanitation Inspection Project in Beijing on 2014 and 2015, 39 villages were selected from 19 townships in Shunyi District and a total of 312 water samples were tested. Based on the model of water quality and health risk assessment provided by International Cancer Research Institute (IARC), the health hazard effect of rural drinking water on human body in Shunyi District in 2015 was analyzed. Results: there are 90 water plants with daily water supply of more than 1000 tons in Shunyi District. The water supply population accounts for 44.81% of the rural population in the whole region. The water source type of the rural water works is 56.06% of the groundwater. There are 269 water plants with disinfection equipment within 30 meters of the pollution sources, accounting for 75.7777% of the total. As of 2013, According to the hygienic standard of drinking water, the overall qualified rate of drinking water in this area is 68.27, among which the general chemical index and microbiological index are higher than 95%. The qualification rate was mainly lower in sensory traits (chroma: 90.38) and partial toxicology (arsenic: 84.94). The qualified rate in dry season was slightly higher than that in high water period, and there was no statistical difference between them. The qualified rate of water quality in the outlet water was lower than that in the terminal water. There was no significant difference in water quality qualification rate between different water supply scales. There was no statistically significant difference in the qualified rate of water quality in different water supply scale. The qualified rate of water quality in the terminal water plant with updated pipe network was much higher than that in the water plant without renewal of the pipeline network, and the difference was statistically significant, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05), and the difference was statistically significant (X _ 2N _ (7.761) P ~ (0.005)). The qualified rate of water quality of the licensed water plant is 76.92) higher than that of the water plant without a sanitation permit (62.0442%), and the difference is statistically significant (P < 0.05). The water quality health risk assessment shows that. The annual risks of cadmium and chromium (hexavalent) in drinking water in Shunyi District are below 5 脳 10 ~ (-5) a ~ (-1). The annual risk of arsenic in drinking water in 4 towns was above 5 脳 10 ~ (-5) a ~ (-1). The risk degree of body poison in each town was far lower than 5 脳 10 ~ (-5) a ~ (-1), and the relatively high risk degree of fluoride was in the order of 10 ~ (-9) a ~ (-1). Conclusion: Shunyi rural water plant is dominated by single village water supply. More than half of the water supply plants have pollution sources within 30 meters. The main indexes affecting the qualified rate of rural drinking water in Shunyi District are sensory property index and toxicology index. The health risk assessment showed that arsenic in drinking water in some villages and towns had health risk.
【学位授予单位】：中国疾病预防控制中心
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：R123.9

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