上海市学龄前儿童气质特征、影响因素及其与健康的关系

发布时间：2018-03-26 03:35

本文选题：学龄前儿童　切入点：气质类型　出处：《复旦大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：第一部分上海市学龄前儿童气质特征及其影响因素分析研究目的了解上海市学龄前儿童气质特征,探讨学龄前儿童气质特征的影响因素,为儿童气质特征的干预提供可行的措施,为学龄前儿童的科学教育提供依据。研究方法本研究为现况研究,采用整群抽样法,抽取上海市四个城区共10所幼儿园,每所幼儿园抽取小班、中班、大班各2个班级,将符合纳入标准的全部儿童共1200名作为施测对象。由熟悉儿童的家长(主要是母亲)填写“学龄前儿童儿童及相关情况问卷”,包括儿童气质量表、家庭环境量表、父母教养行为量表、家庭一般情况等内容。用SPSS16.0软件进行统计分析。研究结果研究对象的年龄范围为3岁到6岁,平均年龄为(4.89±0.90)岁。男女比例为1：1.24。调查对象中易养型104例(占9.6%),中间型758例(占70.1%),启动缓慢型109例(占10.1%),难养型111例(占10.3%)；以中间型最多,其他三种类型比例相近。不同性别、年龄儿童气质类型无统计学差异。在活动水平和反应阈2个维度,男童得分高于女童；而在心境和注意分散度2个维度,女童得分高于男童。随着年龄的增长,男童反应强度和反应阈2维度得分逐步下降；而趋避性和适应度2维度得分逐步上升。无序多分类Logistic回归分析表明,以易养型为参考水平,控制可能的混杂因素后,教养行为、家庭环境、父母对孩子态度一致性、老人与父母对孩子态度一致性、出生胎龄等因素对儿童中间型气质和启动缓慢型气质无影响；控制可能的混杂因素后,家长敌意/强制教养行为较多、支持/参与行为较少、家庭环境独立性较强的儿童难养型气质比例较高。多重线性回归分析显示,学龄前儿童气质维度的影响因素包括以下方面。家长教养行为：敌意／强制维度、支持／参与维度；家庭环境：矛盾性、知识性、娱乐性、道德观、组织性、控制性；家庭一般情况：父亲职业、母亲年龄、老人与父母对孩子态度一致性、家事决定人；母亲孕期及儿童出生情况：妊娠反应、孕期重大生活事件、出生胎龄；看电视时间；入睡困难。研究结论学龄前儿童的气质类型分布以中间型最多,不同性别、年龄儿童气质类型无统计学差异,气质类型影响因素主要是家长教养行为和家庭环境中的独立性,表明气质类型具有相对稳定性。部分气质维度存在年龄差异和性别差异。学龄前儿童气质维度受家长教养行为、家庭环境、家庭一般情况、母亲孕期情况、儿童出生情况、生活作息等因素的影响。建议提高家长对儿童气质的重视,了解自家儿童的气质特征和生活环境,以适宜的方式养育儿童,使儿童气质和环境“适应良好”。第二部分学龄前儿童气质特征和健康相关状况的关系研究目的了解学龄前儿童健康相关状况,分析气质特征、家庭环境和健康相关状况的关系,探讨可干预的因素,为健康问题早期干预提供依据。研究方法采用整群抽样法,抽取上海市四个城区共10所幼儿园,每所幼儿园抽取小班、中班、大班各2个班级,将符合纳入标准的全部儿童共1200名作为施测对象。由熟悉儿童的家长(主要是母亲)填写“学龄前儿童气质及相关情况问卷”,包括儿童气质量表、家庭环境量表、父母教养行为量表、家庭一般情况、儿童健康相关状况等内容。用SPSS16.0软件进行统计分析。研究结果学龄前儿童总体健康状况良好、一般和较差的比例分别为54.6%、40.7%和4.7%。龋患率为27.6%。卫生服务利用的情况两周就诊率为17.3%。不同性别儿童总体健康状况、龋齿、两周就诊率没有统计学差异。不同年龄儿童龋患率、两周就诊率差异均具有统计学意义,6岁儿童龋患率高达37.2%,高于4岁和5岁的儿童。4岁和5岁的儿童两周就诊率高于6岁的儿童,不同年龄儿童总体健康状况没有统计学差异。无序多分类Logistic回归分析发现,控制混杂因素后,以健康状况良好为参考水平,气质类型依然影响儿童的总体健康状况,气质类型为D型、趋避性和适应度得分较低的儿童健康状况一般的比例较高。采用二分类Logistic回归分析探讨龋齿和气质特征的关系。单因素和多因素分析均显示,气质类型为D型、节律性得分较低、反应强度得分高、反应阈得分较高是患龋齿的危险因素。采用二分类Logistic回归分析探讨两周就诊情况和气质特征的关系。气质类型为D型的儿童两周就诊率高于E型的儿童,是两周就诊率的危险因素。研究结论儿童气质特征影响学龄前儿童总体健康状况、龋患率和两周就诊率。气质特征不仅对儿童生理健康问题产生影响,亦影响儿童卫生服务利用的情况。建议家长针对不同的气质特点采取不同的抚养方式,使儿童与环境“调适良好”,发挥出最佳的状态,以预防身心健康问题的发生。
[Abstract]:The first part of Shanghai City preschool children's temperament characteristics and its influencing factors
research objective
Objective to understand the temperament characteristics of preschool children in Shanghai, and explore the influencing factors of temperament characteristics of preschool children, so as to provide feasible measures for intervention of temperament characteristics, and provide evidence for preschool children's science education.
research method
This study is cross-sectional, by cluster sampling, selected in four districts of Shanghai a total of 10 kindergartens, every kindergarten classes, each class selected classes, 2 classes, all children will meet the inclusion criteria of a total of 1200 as testing objects. Familiar with the children's parents (mainly mothers) in children preschool children and related questionnaire, including temperament questionnaire, family environment scale, the parenting behavior scale, family in general. The content was analyzed by SPSS16.0 software.
Research results
Study of the age range of 3 to 6 years old, the average age was (4.89 + 0.90) years old. The male to female ratio of 1:1.24. survey easy to raise type in 104 cases (9.6%), intermediate type in 758 cases (70.1%), slow startup type in 109 cases (10.1%), 111 cases (difficult to raise type 10.3%); in between the most, the other three types of similar proportion. No significant difference in age, gender, temperament. In the activity level and response threshold of 2 dimensions, boys scored higher than girls; and in the mood and attention of the 2 dimensions, girls score higher than boys. With the increase of age, boys' reaction intensity and reaction threshold 2 scores gradually decreased; and health and fitness of 2 dimension scores increased gradually.
Logistic regression analysis showed that the easy to raise type for the reference level, control the possible confounding factors, parenting behavior, family environment, parents of children attitude consistency, consistency and the attitude of the child elderly parents, gestational age and other factors had no influence on children's intermediate gas quality and slow start temperament; after controlling for possible confounders, parents forced hostility / parenting behavior more support / participation behavior less, family environment of children a strong independent difficult temperament higher proportion.
Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the influencing factors of preschool children temperament dimensions include the following aspects. Parenting behavior: hostility / support / participate in mandatory dimension, dimension; family environment: contradiction, knowledge, entertainment, morality, organization, control; general family: father mother's age and occupation. The old man and the consistency of the attitude of the child parents, family decision; maternal and child birth, pregnancy reaction, life events during pregnancy, gestational age at birth; the time of watching TV; difficult to fall asleep.
research conclusion
Distribution of temperament of preschool children in the middle of the most type of different sex, no significant difference in age, temperament, temperament is the main influence factors of independence of parenting behavior and family environment, that temperament is relatively stable. There are age and gender differences in temperament dimensions. Preschool children temperament dimensions by parents parenting behavior, family environment, family situation, pregnancy, birth status of children, affect the rest of life and other factors. Recommendations to improve the parents pay attention to children's temperament, temperament and self understanding of the living environment of children, in a proper way to raise children, the children's temperament and environment "good".
The relationship between the second parts of preschool children's temperament characteristics and health related conditions
research objective
Objective to understand the health status of preschool children, analyze the relationship between temperament, family environment and health related conditions, and explore the intervention factors, so as to provide evidence for early intervention of health problems.
research method
By using cluster sampling method, selected in four districts of Shanghai a total of 10 kindergartens, every kindergarten classes, each class selected classes, 2 classes, all children will meet the inclusion criteria of a total of 1200 as testing objects. Familiar with the parents of the children (mostly mothers) in preschool children's temperament and related the questionnaire, including temperament questionnaire, family environment scale, the parenting behavior scale, family in general, the content of children's health related conditions. Using SPSS16.0 software for statistical analysis.
Research results
The health status of preschool children is generally good, general and poor respectively 54.6%, 40.7% and 4.7%. 27.6%. for the caries rate of health service utilization situation of two week visiting rate of 17.3%. of different gender children in general health, dental caries, two weeks treatment there was no significant difference in different age. The incidence of caries in children, were statistically two week visiting rate difference, 6 year old children caries rate of 37.2%, higher than the 4 and 5 year old.4 years old children and 5 children aged two weeks were higher than 6 year old children, no statistically significant differences between the health status of children of different ages in general.
Logistic regression analysis showed that, after controlling for confounding factors, in good health as the reference level, temperament types still affect the overall health status of children's temperament types is D, phobotaxis and adapt to the children's health status scores lower generally the proportion is high.
Two classification Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between dental caries and temperament characteristics. Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that temperament type was D type, rhythm score was low, reaction intensity score was high, and response threshold score was high, which is a risk factor for caries.
Two classification Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between two week visits and temperament characteristics. Children with temperament type D type two weeks had higher visiting rate than E type children, which is a risk factor for two week visit rate.
research conclusion
The overall health status of preschool children temperament characteristics of children, the incidence of caries and two week visit rate. The temperament characteristics not only have an impact on children's physical health problems also affect child health services utilization. According to the different temperament that parents take different rearing mode, the children and the environment adjustment and adaptation of "good" play the best condition to prevent mental health problems.

【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：R179

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