元谋县高氟地区农村改水工程效果与基本环境卫生评价

发布时间：2018-03-29 07:52

本文选题：农村　切入点：饮用水安全　出处：《昆明医科大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：[目的] 通过比较改水前后饮用水水质,评价农村改水工程的效果；了解农村用水户协会情况、农村基本环境卫生状况,为新农村建设和农村饮用水工程提供依据。 [方法] 参照GB5749-表4《农村小型集中式供水和分散式供水部分水质指标及限值》选取微生物指标、毒理指标、感官性状和一般化学指标四类共14项指标；参照GB/T5750-2006《生活饮用水标准检验方法》的相关要求采集饮用水水样和检测各项指标；单一指标之间的比较用数理统计法,水质综合比较采用主成分分析法、内梅罗指数法和饮用水水质指数进行；通过观察、访谈等方法了解农村用水户协会状况和农村基本卫生状况。 [结果] 12010年两村改水后,仍然存在锰、氟化物、菌落总数和浑浊度指标超情况。其中氟化物和浑浊度超标率为33.33%(4/12),菌落总数全部超过《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)规定的限值,超标率达100%(12/12) 22010年改水后,两个村子饮用水中pH值、氯化物、耗氧量、总硬度、硫酸盐、溶解性总固体、氟化物等指标与《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)相比具有统计学意义(P0.01),改水后指标均低于国标限值。 3采用主成分分析法、内梅罗指数法和饮用水水质指数法对饮用水水质进行综合评价,三种评价结果均显示改水后的饮用水水质优于改水前。主成分分析法计算水质综合得分显示帕郎村改水后的水质优于河西村,化学性因素是影响饮用水水质的主要因素；内梅罗指数法显示帕郎村改水后水质全部处于“较差”级别(100%),菌落总数对两村水质评价结果影响较大；饮用水水质指数法评分,水质由差到好,分别为：河西村改水前(7.33)、帕郎村改水前(7.32)、帕郎村改水后(3.80)、河西村改水后(2.45) 4访谈结果显示,元谋县农村环境卫生状况不佳,缺乏必要的垃圾、污水处理措施,村民对营造良好环境卫生状况持积极态度。 [结论] 1饮用水评价过程不仅需要重视单个指标的评价,还要关注指标之间的联系,对水质进行综合全面的评价。在评价过程中应选择实用而符合实际需要的评价方法。 2农村改水工程将分散式供水方式改为集中式供水,水质优于分散式供水,便于管理和监督。 3用水户协会在维护农村饮用水工程中发挥了一定作用,是建立农村安全饮用水机制的重要力量。 4元谋县农村垃圾、污水处理仍然较为困难,环境卫生状况依然不容乐观。 5在对元谋县农村部分村民进行饮用水和环境卫生健康培训并评估后发现,村民对饮用水和环境卫生意识有所提高,健康教育的方法在改变农村村民健康意识和改变农村环境卫生状况方面能够发挥一定作用。
[Abstract]:[purpose]. By comparing the drinking water quality before and after the improvement, the effect of the rural water improvement project is evaluated, and the situation of the rural water-user association and the rural basic environmental hygiene are understood, which provides the basis for the construction of the new countryside and the rural drinking water project. [methods]. According to GB5749- Table 4, 14 indexes of microorganism index, toxicology index, sensory character and general chemical index were selected. According to the relevant requirements of GB/T5750-2006, the drinking water samples were collected and the indexes were tested. The comparison between the single indexes was done by mathematical statistics, and the water quality was compared by principal component analysis, the main component analysis method was used in the comprehensive comparison of water quality. Nemero index method and drinking water quality index were used to understand the status of rural water users' association and rural basic sanitation through observation and interview. [results]. 1After the improvement of water in the two villages in 2010, there still exists the excess of manganese, fluoride, colony count and turbidity index, in which the excess rate of fluoride and turbidity is 33.33 / 12 / 12, and the total number of bacteria is above the limit set by GB5749-2006), and the rate of exceeding the standard is 100 / 12 / 12). 2After the change of water in 2010, pH value, chloride, oxygen consumption, total hardness, sulfate, soluble solids in drinking water of the two villages, Compared with GB5749-2006, fluoride and other indexes had statistical significance (P 0.01), and the indexes were lower than the national standard. (3) Comprehensive evaluation of drinking water quality was carried out by principal component analysis, Nemero index and drinking water quality index. The results of three kinds of evaluation showed that the drinking water quality after the modification was better than that before, and the comprehensive score calculated by principal component analysis showed that the water quality of Pallang village was better than that of Hexi village, and the chemical factors were the main factors affecting the drinking water quality. The Nemero index method showed that the water quality of Palang village was in "poor" grade 100%, the total number of bacteria had a great influence on the water quality evaluation results of the two villages, and the drinking water quality index method scored the water quality from poor to good. They are: Hexi village before water conversion, Paran village before water change, Pallan village after water change, Hexi village after water change, and Hexi village after water reform.). 4 the results of interview showed that the rural environmental sanitation in Yuanmou County was poor, the necessary garbage and sewage treatment measures were lacking, and the villagers had a positive attitude towards creating a good environmental sanitation. [conclusion]. (1) the evaluation process of drinking water should not only pay attention to the evaluation of single index, but also pay attention to the relationship between the indexes, and carry on comprehensive and comprehensive evaluation of water quality. In the process of evaluation, a practical and practical evaluation method should be selected. (2) the decentralized water supply mode is changed to centralized water supply mode in rural water improvement project, and the water quality is superior to that of decentralized water supply, which is convenient for management and supervision. The water-user association has played a certain role in maintaining rural drinking water project and is an important force in establishing rural safe drinking water mechanism. 4 Yuanmou County rural garbage, sewage treatment is still relatively difficult, environmental hygiene is still not optimistic. 5After the villagers in Yuanmou County were trained in drinking water and environmental sanitation, it was found that the villagers' awareness of drinking water and environmental sanitation was improved. The method of health education can play a certain role in changing rural villagers' health consciousness and changing rural environmental hygiene.
【学位授予单位】：昆明医科大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：R123.1

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