昌平农村集中供水系统风险评估及饮水安全计划应用研究

发布时间：2018-04-09 02:04

本文选题：农村　切入点：饮用水　出处：《中国疾病预防控制中心》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：通过调查掌握昌平区农村饮用水供水系统基本情况和水质现状,参照WHO推广的《饮水安全计划》中的风险评估方法对农村集中式供水系统存在的风险进行识别和评估,确定关键风险点并提出控制措施,以达到保障农村生活饮用水卫生安全的目的。目的通过对昌平区农村饮用水系统基本情况调查,掌握本区域内的饮用水水源、供水方式、水质等现状；掌握昌平区农村集中式供水设施、水质风险状况；开展农村饮用水风险评估和饮水安全计划试点研究,为今后提高昌平区农村饮用水卫生管理提供参考。方法在掌握昌平区农村饮水现状基础上,随机抽取以地下水为源水的40个集中式供水农村水厂进行饮水风险研究,并在枯、丰水期分别检测40个水厂的出厂水和末梢水,将水质检测结果与现场卫生学调查想结合进行分析,找出昌平区农村饮水的风险点,提出控制措施；在其基础上选择一个水厂进行饮水安全计划试点,并对控制效果进行评估。结果 1.昌平区饮用水现状：以地面水为原水的水厂覆盖人口仅占总人口的0.15%,；以地下水为水源的水厂覆盖总人口的99.85%；饮用集中式供水的人口占99.99%,其中,完全处理、部分处理和未处理,覆盖人口分别占68.63%、7.79%和23.57%；饮用分散式供水的村2个,人口仅42人,全部为人力取水。 2.调查40个水厂,风险存在比例最高的是无消毒记录、无过滤沉淀设施、无卫生许可证、无水厂设计资料,另外维修后管道不及时冲洗、取水深小于100米、用户使用储水器具、有储水池或水塔、消毒设施没有或未使用、彻底清洗频率一年以上、无管水人员操作规范等因素发生比例也在50%左右。 3.全年共采集生活饮用水样品160件,总体合格率为47.50%,出厂水样品80件,枯水期和丰水期各40件,合格率为50%；末梢水样品80件,枯水期和丰水期各40件,合格36件,合格率为45%。除大肠菌群、大肠埃希氏菌、浑浊度、总硬度、汞、氟化物、硝酸盐氮、铁、锌超标外,其余检测指标符合卫生标准。浑浊度、总硬度、氟化物、硝酸盐氮、铁、锌有1-4件超标现象；5个安装有消毒设施的水厂,消毒剂余量不符合标准要求。 4.不同因素对水质影响：在水源影响因素中井深对出厂水水质的影响显著(x2=11.667,P=0.001)；有储水池或水塔对出厂水水质影响无显著性差异,(x2=0.808,P=0.5)；是否安装消毒设施对出厂水水质合格率影响有显著性,无消毒设施的水厂水质合格率明显低于有消毒设施的水厂水质合格率,(x2=8.811,P=0.012)；但枯丰水期的出厂水和末梢水水质合格率均无显著差异。 5.选定昌平阳坊水厂实施饮水安全计划,试点研究过程中发现了三个对水质影响较大的风险因素,针对发现的问题制定了矫正措施。通过增加巡查等方式,降低了水源污染风险；加强消毒与消毒剂余量的检测,保障了水中的消毒剂余量；建立了清水池等清洗消毒制度和管网巡查制度；建立了饮水突发事件应急预案。实施饮水安全计划前一年阳坊水厂检测965项次,合格942项次,合格率98.0%；实施后检测464项次,合格项目464项次,合格率100%。结论通过评估了解了我区农村以地下水为水源的集中式供水风险；在此基层上实施饮水安全计划后提高了水质保障率。
[Abstract]:Through the investigation of drinking water supply system of Changping District rural basic situation and current situation of water quality, according to the risk assessment method of water safety plan > WHO < in the promotion of risk identification and assessment of rural centralized water supply system, determine the key risk points and puts forward the control measures to ensure drinking water safety in rural areas.
objective
Through the investigation on the basic situation of rural drinking water system in Changping District, grasp the source of drinking water, the area of the water supply, water quality status; master in rural areas in Changping District water supply facilities, water quality risk; carry out risk assessment of rural drinking water and drinking water safety plan pilot study, provide a reference for future improvement of rural drinking water hygiene management in Changping District.
Method
In the mastery of drinking water in rural areas of Changping District on the basis of the status quo, randomly selected as source water to groundwater 40 centralized water supply in rural waterworks of drinking water risk, and in the dry and wet period were detected in 40 water treated water and tap water, the water quality test results and field survey to analyze, find out the Changping District rural drinking water the risk and control measures are put forward; on the basis of a water drinking water safety plan, and to evaluate the control effect.
Result
Changping District 1.: the status of drinking water with surface water as raw water, water covered population accounted for only 0.15% of the total population,; groundwater water covers 99.85% of the total population; centralized drinking water accounted for 99.99% of the population, among them, complete the processing part of the treated and untreated, covering a population accounted for 68.63%, 7.79% and 23.57%; drinking decentralized water supply in the village of 2, a population of only 42 people, all for human intake.
The 2. survey of 40 water, there is no risk of the highest proportion of disinfection records, no precipitation filtration facilities, no health permit, no plant design data, also after maintenance is not timely pipeline flushing, water depth less than 100 meters, the user water storage apparatus, a storage tank or a water tower, no disinfection facilities or use. A thorough cleaning frequency for more than a year, factors of no water management staff operating norms of proportion is around 50%.
3. the total acquisition of drinking water in 160 samples, the overall pass rate was 47.50%, the factory water samples 80, dry season and wet season 40, the qualified rate is 50%; the peripheral water samples 80, dry season and wet season 40, 36 qualified, a pass rate of 45%. in Escherichia coli Echte, flora, bacteria, turbidity, total hardness, mercury, fluoride, nitrate, iron, zinc and other indexes exceed the standard, conform to the hygiene standards. The turbidity, total hardness, fluoride, nitrate, iron, zinc 1-4 exceed the standard 5 installation; disinfection facilities of water, disinfectant does not meet the standard requirements.
4. effect of different factors on water quality in water: the influence factors on the effect of water depth significantly (x2=11.667, P=0.001); a water storage tank or water tower had no significant difference on water quality influence, (x2=0.808, P=0.5); whether the installation of disinfection facilities are significant to the water quality of water passing rate influence water quality of the water quality of water disinfection facilities without qualification rate was significantly lower than the qualified rate of disinfection facilities, (x2=8.811, P=0.012); but the dry wet period of finished water and tap water quality compliance rate showed no significant difference.
5. selected Changping Yangfang waterworks to implement water safety plan, the pilot study found in three large impact risk factors on water quality, according to the problems found in the correction measures. By increasing inspections, reduce water pollution risk; to strengthen the detection of disinfection and disinfectant, disinfectant water security is established; the water tank cleaning and disinfection system and network inspection system; establish contingency plans for emergencies. The implementation of drinking water safety plan a year before the Yangfang water testing 965 items, 942 items of qualified, qualified rate was 98%; 464 were detected after the implementation of the project qualified 464 times, the qualified rate of 100%.
conclusion
Through evaluation, the risk of centralized water supply with groundwater as water source in the rural areas of China is understood, and the water quality assurance rate has been improved after the implementation of the water safety program at the grass-roots level.

【学位授予单位】：中国疾病预防控制中心
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：R123.1

【参考文献】