食品安全惩罚性损害赔偿制度研究

发布时间：2018-04-13 05:16

本文选题：食品安全 + 惩罚性损害赔偿　；参考：《华中师范大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：法律责任制度的完善与否直接关系到法律制度能否良好地实施。目前,我国食品安全事故层出不穷,严重地暴露出食品安全领域一系列法律责任制度具有十分重大的缺陷。在我国现今有关食品安全领域的各种形式的法律责任之中,行政法上的法律责任居于首要性的位置,而私法上的法律责任和刑事法律中的有关责任则处于从属性的位置。就行政责任而言,由于取证困难、查处率低、易产生寻租风险、难以有力地激励消费者索赔等原因,以行政责任为主导的食品安全责任制度体系无法很好地担当起维护我国食品安全的重任。然而,就民事责任而言,惩罚性损害赔偿由于具有补偿、惩罚、威慑和激励等多重法律功能,能够有效地提高违法成本和降低消费者的维权成本,实现对食品安全违法行为的有力规制,进而有效地保护消费者利益和社会公共利益。我国《食品安全法》确立了“十倍”的惩罚性损害赔偿制度,但是该制度存在构成要件不完善、惩罚力度不足、消费者举证困难、赔偿权利人范围界定不清、归责原则的设计不科学以及民事诉讼程序机制不完善等弊端,仍旧无法对我国当前的食品安全违法行为实现充分、有力的规制。纵观世界,美国、我国台湾地区等均建立起了比较完善的食品安全惩罚性损害赔偿制度,有力地维护了本国(地区)的消费者利益和社会公共利益。日本和德国等虽然未明确确立惩罚性损害赔偿制度在本国的地位,但是均结合本国国情,建立起一套较为完善的法律责任制度体系,来实现对食品安全违法行为的有力规制。此外,德国和日本等国在司法实践和理论上均对惩罚性损害赔偿制度给予了越来越高的认同与关注。鉴于此,本文以对食品安全惩罚性损害赔偿制度的基本理论进行探讨为基础,通过对美国、我国台湾地区、德国、日本等国家或者地区的食品安全损害赔偿制度进行比较分析,并对我国食品安全惩罚性损害赔偿制度的立法现状进行审视,提出完善我国食品安全惩罚性损害赔偿制度的具体建议。本文除导论和结语之外,共分为三大部分。第一部分,对食品安全领域中有关的惩罚性损害赔偿制度的基础法学理论予以具体探讨。食品安全惩罚性损害赔偿制度是一种特殊的损害赔偿制度,在法律特征上,崇尚社会本位、重视食品生产经营者的主观恶性、具有多元化的法律功能、适用范围仅限于食品消费领域和高度重视法官的自由裁量权等。在理论基础上,食品安全惩罚性损害赔偿制度是以社会本位理论和实质正义理论作为自己理论基础的。在法律功能上,食品安全惩罚性损害赔偿制度具有补偿、惩罚、威慑和激励等多种法律功能。第二部分,对国际上主要国家或者地区的食品安全惩罚性损害赔偿制度进行比较分析。本部分主要对美国、日本、德国和我国台湾地区的食品安全惩罚性损害赔偿制度进行比较分析,并提出对我国食品安全惩罚性损害赔偿制度完善的有益借鉴。第三部分,对我国现行食品安全惩罚性损害赔偿制度进行立法审视,并在此基础上提出相关的法律完善建议。我国现行关于食品安全的“十倍”惩罚性赔偿制度具有构成要件不完善、惩罚力度不足、消费者举证困难、赔偿权利人范围界定不清、归责原则的设计不科学以及民事诉讼程序机制不完善等弊端,无法有力地规制违反相关具体法律规定的行为,也很难有效地保障其他法律主体的合法权益,促进我国良好社会经济秩序的构建。未来我国食品安全惩罚性损害赔偿制度应当建立起一种能够使法官自由裁量权得以充分发挥,以实际损害额作为赔偿数额的计算基准,同时设置赔偿的最高限额,并综合考虑多种因素的赔偿数额计算模式。同时,未来法律修改应当在构成要件、归责原则、赔偿权利人的范围以及民事诉讼程序机制等方面对我国现行食品安全惩罚性损害赔偿制度进行完善。
[Abstract]:Perfect the legal liability system is directly related to the legal system can be well implemented. At present, China's food safety accidents emerge in an endless stream, seriously exposed a series of food safety legal liability system has great defects. In China's current legal liability forms relating to food safety in the field of administrative law, legal liability the key of the position, and the responsibility of the private law liability and criminal law is subordinate position. The administrative responsibility, as evidence of the difficulties, and the low rate, easy to produce a strong incentive to rent-seeking risk, consumer claims and other reasons, the food safety responsibility system in administrative responsibility as the leading are unable to bear the responsibility of the maintenance of food safety in our country. However, civil liability is punished with compensation, punitive damages, Wei Has multiple legal and incentive function, can effectively improve the illegal cost and reduce the cost of rights of consumers, to achieve effective regulation of food safety violations, and effectively protect the interests of consumers and social public interests. China's "food safety law" established a system of punitive damages in ten times, but the system there are elements of not perfect, not enough to punish consumers, the difficulties of proof, the right to compensation scope is not clear, the design is not scientific and the imputation principle of the civil litigation procedure mechanism is imperfect and so on, still not on China's current food safety violations to achieve full, strong regulation. Throughout the world, the United States, China Taiwan area to establish a compensation system for food safety punitive damage relatively perfect, effectively safeguarding the country (region) of the interests of consumers and the public interest. This and Germany, although not explicitly establish the system of punitive damages in their position, but with its own national conditions, to establish a relatively perfect legal liability system, to achieve effective regulation of food safety violations. In addition, countries such as Germany and Japan in the judicial practice and theory of punitive damages system to give recognition and attention more and more. In view of this, based on the basic theory of punitive damage compensation system of food safety were discussed based on the United States and China's Taiwan region, Germany, comparative analysis on the system of compensation for damage to food safety and other countries or regions, and the status of legislation on compensation system the punitive damage to our country's food safety review, put forward specific proposals to improve the system of punitive damages in our country's food safety.
In addition to the introduction and conclusion, this article is divided into three parts.
The first part discusses the basic theory of law, to be on the system of punitive damages in the field of food safety. The system of punitive damages in food safety is a kind of special compensation system, the legal characteristics, advocating social standard, pay attention to food production operators subjective malignant, has the function of Legal Pluralism, applies only to the discretion of food consumption and attaches great importance to the judge. On the basis of the theory, the system of punitive damages in food safety is the social standard theory and justice theory as its theoretical basis. In the legal function, the system of punitive damages in food safety with compensation, punishment, deterrence and incentives and other legal functions.
The second part of the food safety punitive damages of the major countries or regions of the compensation system for comparative analysis. This part of the United States, Japan, comparative analysis of the punitive damage compensation system of food security in Germany and China's Taiwan region, and put forward a useful reference for perfecting the compensation system of punitive damages of food safety in China.
The third part, the legislative review on compensation system of China's current food safety punitive damage, and put forward relevant suggestions. China's current law on food safety "ten times" with elements of punitive compensation system is not perfect, the punishment is not enough, consumers in the difficulties of proof, the right to compensation scope is not clear the design, the imputation principle of civil procedure is not scientific and the mechanism is not perfect and other drawbacks, unable to effectively regulate the violation of the provisions of the relevant specific legal behavior, it is difficult to effectively safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of other legal subjects, promote the construction of good social economic order in our country. The future of the system of punitive damages in food safety in China should be established. A can make the discretion of the judges can give full play to the actual damages as a benchmark for the calculation of the amount of compensation, the compensation set at the same time High limit, and comprehensive calculation model considering the amount of compensation for a variety of factors. At the same time, the future law amendment shall be in the constitution, the principle of imputation, the scope of compensation for human rights and civil procedural mechanism on the compensation system of China's current food safety punitive damage improvement.

【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D922.16;R155.5

【参考文献】