江苏省典型铅酸蓄电池企业职业危害现状及对周边环境影响调查

发布时间：2018-04-25 12:33

本文选题：铅酸蓄电池 + 铅　；参考：《南京医科大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：铅酸蓄电池是一种能够贮蓄、释放电能的电气化学设备，也是世界上各类电池中产量最大、用途最广的一类电池。随着我国经济的腾飞，交通运输业、移动通讯业、太阳能等清洁能源发电产业进入了飞速发展时期，铅酸蓄电池产业也因此而蓬勃发展。江苏的苏中、苏北的部分地区，铅酸蓄电池产业已成为当地的支柱型产业，为地方发展起着巨大的作用。然而，铅酸蓄电池产业在不断创造社会财富的同时，其生产过程中产生的含铅污染物对职业人群造成的健康危害和周围环境的污染现象也逐渐显现出来。因此，，为了最大程度的降低职业人群铅中毒的发生率，改善铅酸蓄电池企业周围环境并初步掌握铅污染迁徙路径和规律，本研究对江苏省典型铅酸蓄电池企业职业危害现状及对周边环境影响进行了调查研究，并为制定《江苏省铅酸蓄电池企业职业危害防护技术规范》提供有效依据。第一部分：江苏省典型铅酸蓄电池企业职业危害现状调查目的调查江苏省典型铅酸蓄电池企业职业危害现状，为铅酸蓄电池行业铅危害的预防控制以及《江苏省铅酸蓄电池企业职业危害防护技术规范》的制定提供理论依据。方法按照国家相关标准和规范，采取职业卫生学现场调查、现场检测与评价等方法，对该铅酸蓄电池企业生产过程中存在的职业危害因素进行识别、分析与评价。结果江苏省典型铅酸蓄电池企业生产过程产生的主要职业危害因素是铅烟、铅尘、噪声等。个体采样中涉铅劳动者超标率为83.3%，噪声检测超标率为100%；定点采样中铅烟、尘检测超标率为84.2%，噪声检测超标率为50%；职业健康体检血铅水平达到400μg/L以上者占总人数的15.3%；极板生产岗位、焊接岗位职工血铅超标率高达34.1%和26.2%；部分作业场所职业病防护设施设置不够完善、合理；部分岗位员工没有按照要求规范佩戴个人防护用品。结论江苏省典型铅酸蓄电池企业职业危害现状不容忽视，涉铅职业人群血铅超标现象比较严重，须加紧采取有效措施预防控制职业危害。第二部分：江苏省典型铅酸蓄电池企业周围环境铅污染水平调查目的调查江苏省典型铅酸蓄电池企业对周围环境的影响，为改善环境及《江苏省铅酸蓄电池企业职业危害防护技术规范》的制定提供有效依据。方法按照国家相关标准和规范，采集、检测该企业内、企业外（上、下风向不同距离）的环境样品。结果下风向区土壤铅含量中位数均明显高于上风向区域（P 0.05）；表层土壤、植物根部土壤超标率分别为3.45%、14.29%；企业内自来水、水沟水样品超标率分别为16.67%、100%，而企业外水样均未超标；作业区空气铅含量中位数均显著高于行政区（P=0.033）；上风向区空气铅含量中位数与下风向区并没有显著差异（P=0.148）；企业内、外空气样超标率分别为28.57%、75.00%；作业区、下风向区植物铅含量中位数均显著高于行政区、上风向（P=0.015和P=0.047）；环境样（土壤、空气、植物）铅含量分布曲线中上风向区域每个距离点环境样铅含量波动幅度比较小；下风向区域的分布曲线呈先降低（尤其是200m以内的铅含量呈急剧下降）后平稳的趋势。结论该企业对周围环境存在一定程度的污染，需加紧采取有效的铅污染预防控制措施。第三部分：《江苏省铅酸蓄电池企业职业危害防护技术规范》的制定目的制定《江苏省铅酸蓄电池企业职业危害防护技术规范》初稿，为我省铅酸蓄电池企业职业卫生管理和职业卫生监督提供依据。方法在《中华人民共和国职业病防治法》的总体指导思想下，根据对江苏省典型铅酸蓄电池企业职业危害因素以及周边环境影响的调查结果，结合近些年来对我省多家铅酸蓄电池企业的现场调查和走访所获取的信息，严格按照国家相关标准和规范进行撰写制定。结果完成《江苏省铅酸蓄电池企业职业危害防护技术规范》的初稿，包括以下几个方面：范围、规范性引用文件、术语和定义、基本要求、职业卫生工程防护措施、设备维护的卫生要求、个人防护用品的卫生要求、工作场所职业危害因素监测、职业健康监护、职业卫生管理、工作场所清洁及废弃物处理要求、应急救援。
[Abstract]:Lead-acid battery is a kind of electrical and chemical equipment that can store and release electric energy. It is also the most widely used type of battery in all kinds of batteries in the world. With the rapid development of China's economy, the clean energy generation industry, such as transportation, mobile communication, solar energy and so on, has entered a rapid development period, so the lead-acid battery industry is also the one. The lead-acid battery industry has become a local pillar industry and plays a great role in local development. However, the lead acid battery industry, while constantly creating social wealth, produces health hazards and surrounding rings caused by lead contaminated contaminants produced in the production process. The pollution of the border has gradually emerged.
Therefore, in order to reduce the incidence of lead poisoning in the occupational population to the greatest extent, improve the environment around the lead-acid battery enterprises and master the migration path and regularity of lead pollution, this study investigates the occupational hazard status of the typical lead-acid battery enterprises in Jiangsu province and the influence on the surrounding environment, and establishes "the lead-acid storage power storage" in Jiangsu province. "Pool enterprise occupational hazards prevention technical specification" provides effective basis.
Part I: Investigation on occupational hazards in typical lead-acid battery enterprises in Jiangsu
Objective to investigate the occupational hazard status of typical lead-acid battery enterprises in Jiangsu Province, and to provide theoretical basis for the prevention and control of lead hazards in lead-acid battery industry and the formulation of technical standards for occupational hazard protection in lead-acid battery enterprises in Jiangsu.
Methods according to the relevant national standards and standards, the occupational hazard factors in the production process of the lead-acid battery enterprises were identified, analyzed and evaluated by the field survey of occupational hygiene, field detection and evaluation.
Results the main occupational hazard factors produced in the production process of typical lead-acid battery enterprises in Jiangsu were lead smoke, lead dust, noise and so on. The excessive rate of lead workers involved in the individual sampling was 83.3%, the rate of excessive noise detection was 100%, the rate of lead smoke in the fixed sampling was 84.2%, the excess rate of noise detection was 50%, and the occupational health examination blood lead water. The total number of people up to above 400 mu g/L accounted for 15.3% of the total number of people; the extreme plate production posts, the blood lead rate of the staff in the welding posts were up to 34.1% and 26.2%, and the occupational disease protection facilities in some workplaces were not perfect and reasonable; some staff did not wear personal protective supplies according to the requirements.
Conclusion the occupational hazards of the typical lead-acid battery enterprises in Jiangsu can not be ignored. The excessive lead in lead occupational population is more serious. It is necessary to take effective measures to prevent and control occupational hazards.
The second part: the survey of lead pollution level in typical lead-acid battery enterprises in Jiangsu province.
Objective to investigate the influence of the typical lead-acid battery enterprises in Jiangsu on the surrounding environment, and to provide an effective basis for the improvement of the environment and the technical specification for occupational hazard protection of the lead-acid battery enterprises in Jiangsu.
Methods according to the relevant national standards and norms, environmental samples were collected and detected outside the enterprise (above, downwind to different distances).
Results the median of soil lead content in the lower wind direction is obviously higher than that in the upper wind direction (P 0.05), and the superstandard rate of the soil in the surface soil and the plant root is 3.45%, 14.29% respectively. The excess rate of the water samples in the enterprise is 16.67% and 100%, respectively, while the water samples in the enterprise are not exceeding the standard, and the median of the air lead content in the operating area is significantly higher than that of the administration. Area (P=0.033); there is no significant difference between the median of air lead content in the upper air direction and the lower wind direction (P=0.148); in the enterprise, the excess rate of outer space gas samples is 28.57%, 75% respectively; the median of lead in the operating area and the lower wind direction are significantly higher than that in the administrative area, the upward wind direction (P =0.015 and P=0.047); the lead content of the environmental samples (soil, air and plant) The fluctuation of the lead content of the environment samples at each point in the upper wind direction is relatively small, and the distribution curve of the lower wind direction is decreasing (especially the lead content within 200m decreases sharply).
Conclusion the enterprise has a certain degree of pollution to the surrounding environment. It is necessary to take effective measures to prevent and control lead pollution.
The third part: the formulation of technical regulations for occupational hazards protection in Jiangsu lead-acid battery enterprises.
Objective to formulate the first draft of the technical code for occupational hazard protection of Jiangsu lead-acid battery enterprises, and provide the basis for the occupational health management and occupational health supervision of the lead-acid battery enterprises in our province.
Methods under the overall guidance of the occupational disease prevention and control law of People's Republic of China, according to the investigation results of the occupational hazards and the surrounding environment of the typical lead-acid battery enterprises in Jiangsu Province, the information obtained from the field investigation and visit of several lead-acid battery enterprises in recent years is strictly in accordance with the relevant state. Standards and specifications are written and formulated.
The results completed the first draft of the technical code for occupational hazard protection of Jiangsu lead-acid battery enterprises, including the following aspects: scope, standard reference documents, terminology and definition, basic requirements, occupational health engineering protection measures, sanitary requirements for equipment maintenance, hygiene requirements for personal protective supplies, and monitoring of occupational hazards in the workplace, Occupational health surveillance, occupational health management, workplace cleanliness and waste disposal requirements, emergency rescue.

【学位授予单位】：南京医科大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：R13;X508

【参考文献】