国内外中小学生营养政策对比和分析

发布时间：2018-05-16 09:43

本文选题：营养政策 + 中小学生　；参考：《中国疾病预防控制中心》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：研究背景儿童及青少年时期是生长发育的关键时期,营养不良对身体发育和认知有不良影响,造成体力不足,劳动能力降低、收入减少甚至导致贫困,而贫困也会进一步恶化营养状况,从而形成营养不良和贫困之间的恶性循环。儿童的营养状况是衡量一个国家社会经济发展的重要指标。从经济角度看,当营养和微量元素摄入不足时,会导致诱发各种疾病,免疫力下降,影响智力的发育和劳动的能力,这些直接损失估计约占全球国内生产总值(GDP)的2-3%,根据世界卫生组织的研究,若儿童营养不良问题得以解决,可以减轻发展中国家1/3的疾病负担。《2016全球营养报告》也直接指出:由于营养不良,非洲和亚洲每年将流失11%的GDP,年度全球GDP流失额则超过了 2008-2010年金融危机时期。我国儿童营养水平因地域、人群、经济发展不均衡的差异性,与众多发展中国家一样存在儿童营养不良的“双重负担”,根据《中国居民营养与慢性病状况报告(2015年)》显示,2012年我国6-17岁儿童青少年生长迟缓率为3.2%,消瘦率为9.0%,与此同时6-17岁儿童青少年超重率为9.6%,肥胖率为6.4%。营养不良是可有效预防和控制的,中小学生群体因为其集中在校学习的优势,相比起窗口期和学龄前期的儿童前者的零散特性,中小学生群体更易于实施干预、教育和管理,人员和费用相对于前者投入少,干预效果更为显著。目前世界各国都制定中小学生营养的政策并和实施了相关的改善和干预项目,并取得了一定效果。中国学龄儿童营养政策的制定和执行处于起步阶段,目前尚落后于发达国家。我国可借鉴其他国家政策制定和项目实施的丰富经验,进一步改善儿童营养状况,促进经济和社会可持续发展。研究内容本研究就以下5个方面对国内外相关营养政策进行详细分析:(1)中小学生学校供餐的发展情况和成效;(2)中小学生学校供奶的发展情况和成效;(3)中小学生校园不健康食品售卖监管情况;(4)中小学生儿童食品广告监管情况;(5)中小学生营养健康教育开展情况。研究方法本研究主要采用文献研究法。中文政策研究主要检索相关政府机构官网、知网、万方、维普等数据库,外文政策研究主要检索该国相关政府机构官网、Google Scholar、Mendeley、PubMed、Springer Link、Science Direct、ProQuest等数据库,国际组织政策研究主要检索该组织官网作为检索数据库。研究结果为了确保营养餐的顺利实施,大多国家政府部门都专门立法,在法律层次上对学生营养午餐提出了具体要求。各国学生饮用奶计划中,基本都有政府参与,政府在提供财政补贴、立法、制定指南等方面发挥着重要的作用。学生奶顺利推行的国家大多有来自政府的财政支持。目前对校园售卖不健康食品进行监管的国家大多为发达国家。其中有些国家仅出具指导性建议,有些国家则禁止出售不健康食品;不同国家采取的监管措施也不一样,有些国家不允许学生在校食用不健康食品,有些国家则从不健康食品贩售入手对此进行监管。西方发达国家对于中小学生儿童食品广告监管方面相关法规较为成熟。针对中小学生的食品广告监管多为限制酒精制品,也有国家涉及高脂高糖食品及其他不健康的食品,还有些国家对危险进食方式也进行限制。目前世界范围内部分国家注意到对儿童及青少年进行营养健康教育的重要性,将营养及健康教育课程加入到普通课程中。结论本文通过全面分析和比较国内中小学生的营养政策和干预项目,发现:1.我国缺乏针对儿童及青少年的营养法规及管理机制。2.对于中小学生的营养餐、供奶都没有形成完善的体系,目前还处于尝试阶段。3.对于校园不健康食品售卖尚无监管机制;对于儿童食品广告没有专门的法规对此进行规范,广告商自律性亦不佳。4.中小学生的健康教育课程没有纳入普通课程的体系,对中小学生关于营养及健康膳食的教育还是远远不够的。
[Abstract]:Background children and adolescents are the key period of growth and development. Malnutrition has adverse effects on physical development and cognition, resulting in inadequate physical strength, reduced labor capacity, reduced income and even poverty, and poverty will further deteriorate nutritional status, thus forming a vicious cycle between malnutrition and poverty. Children's camp It is an important indicator to measure the social and economic development of a country. From an economic point of view, when the intake of nutrients and trace elements is insufficient, it can lead to various diseases, the decrease of immunity and the ability to affect the development and labor of intelligence. These direct losses are estimated to be about 2-3% of the global gross domestic product (GDP), according to the WHO If the problem of children's malnutrition is solved, the.<2016 global nutrition report on the disease burden of 1/3 in developing countries will be reduced. It is also pointed out directly that, because of malnutrition, Africa and Asia will lose 11% of GDP each year, and the annual global GDP loss is over 2008-2010 years of financial crisis. The disequilibrium of the population, the disequilibrium of economic development, and the "double burden" of children's dystrophy in many developing countries. According to the report of Chinese residents' nutrition and chronic diseases (2015), the growth retardation rate of 6-17 year old children and adolescents in China is 3.2%, the rate of emaciation is 9%, while 6-17 year old children and adolescents are overweight. The rate of 9.6%, the obesity rate of 6.4%. dystrophy can be effectively prevented and controlled. The primary and middle school students are more prone to intervention, education and management than the former in the window and pre school children because of their centralized learning advantages, and the intervention effect is less than the former. At present, all countries in the world have formulated the policy of primary and middle school students' nutrition and the implementation of related improvement and intervention projects, and achieved some results. The formulation and implementation of the nutrition policy of Chinese school-age children is in the initial stage, and it is still behind the developed countries. Experience, further improve the nutritional status of children and promote the sustainable development of economy and society. The research content of the study on the following 5 aspects of the domestic and foreign relevant nutrition policy in detail: (1) the development and effectiveness of school feeding for primary and secondary school students; (2) the development and effectiveness of primary and secondary school milk for primary and secondary school students; (3) primary and secondary school students are not healthy Health food sales supervision situation; (4) the supervision of children's food advertising in primary and middle school children; (5) the development of nutritional health education for primary and middle school students. The research methods mainly adopt the literature research method. The Chinese policy research mainly searches the relevant government network, the net, the Wanfang, the VIP and so on, and the foreign policy research mainly searches the related countries. Government offices, Google Scholar, Mendeley, PubMed, Springer Link, Science Direct, ProQuest and other databases, international organization policy research mainly retrieves the organization's official network as a retrieval database. Most countries have an important role in providing financial subsidies, legislation and guidelines. Most countries with the smooth implementation of the students' milk have financial support from the government. Most of the countries that sell unhealthy food on campus are mostly issued. Some countries have only issued guidance advice, some countries prohibit the sale of unhealthy food; the regulatory measures taken by different countries are different, some countries do not allow students to eat unhealthy food in school, and some countries do not supervise the sale of healthy food in some countries. The regulation of food advertising for children is more mature. The regulation of food advertising for primary and secondary students is mostly restricted to alcoholic products. There are also countries involving high fat and high sugar food and other unhealthy food, and some countries also restrict the way of dangerous food. The importance of nutrition and health education, nutrition and health education courses are added to the general curriculum. Conclusion through the comprehensive analysis and comparison of domestic primary and secondary school nutrition policy and intervention projects, we found that: 1. China lacks nutrition regulations and management mechanism for children and adolescents,.2. for primary and secondary school nutrition food, milk for all There is no perfect system, and at present, there is no regulatory mechanism for the sale of unhealthy food on campus, and there is no regulatory mechanism for the sale of unhealthy food on campus. There is no special regulation for children's food advertising. The self-discipline of the advertisers is not good and the health education course of the primary and middle school students is not included in the general curriculum system, and the primary and middle school students are not included in the health education course, and the primary and middle school students are concerned about the nutrition of the.3.. And the education of healthy meals is still far from enough.

【学位授予单位】：中国疾病预防控制中心
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：R153.2

【参考文献】