我国农村饮用水安全保障法制体系研究

发布时间：2018-06-22 01:54

本文选题：农村饮用水安全 + 饮用水源　；参考：《中国政法大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：水是生命之源，是人类赖以生存的物质基础，获得安全的饮用水是人类最基本的需求。近年来，国家高度重视饮用水安全问题，尤其是农村的饮用水安全。但是，目前我国仍有1.7亿规划内的农村人口尚未解决饮用水安全问题。农村地区的饮用水安全存在的问题主要有：卫生条件差，农村地区普遍缺乏基本的污水排放和垃圾处理系统；饮用水处理设备简陋、集中供水率低；农药化肥不合理使用，农业面源污染严重；农村居民饮用高氟水、高砷水、苦咸水等等。况且，很多污染企业为逃避社会法律责任、降低成本，将排污口建在农村或是直接在此建厂，而农村地区的经济发展水平低，居民的环保意识淡薄，且农村饮用水水源和地下水保护力度较弱等。这些问题的存在是社会不安定的因素之一：一方面，饮用水安全是水安全的一部分，直接威胁到人的生命和健康，事关社会的安定和谐；另一方面，农村饮用水安全问题不利于保障农村居民人权的落实，更与社会公平理念相违背，有碍于社会主义新农村的建设和小康社会的实现。目前，我国现有的法律法规、规范性法律文件对保护农村饮用水安全起到了一定的积极作用，但是，目前尚没有专门性的农村饮用水安全法律法规，即使是饮用水安全方面的立法，也存在可操作性和可行性差的问题：对农村饮用水安全保障的专门性规定欠缺；对资源性缺水问题的解决存在立法空白；与农业面源与垃圾污染防治相配套法律法规缺失；农村小型集中式取水及分散式取水水质监测体系尚未建立；对饮用水源的保护，尤其是水源地日常动态管理系统、污染源动态档案系统和应急处理系统缺失。上述相关法律法规存在的立法空白，使得农村饮用水安全的保护于法无据，严重影响了对农村饮用水安全的管保护，使法律实施的实效大打折扣。当前，环保执法普遍存在着守法成本高，执法成本高，违法成本低的现象，严重削弱了法律的权威和政府的威信力，尤其是在广大农村地区，由于对违法行为的惩处不力，大量的企业将污染“转嫁”到农村，以此来逃避其应该承担的社会法律责任。虽然，司法是保障法律实施的最后一道屏障，但是我国的司法体制并未体现农业大国的特色，保护农村饮用水安全的司法力量并不均衡，往往都是在发生大型群体事件之后，才引起相关部门的关注。推而广之，上述因素都不利于自觉守法这一社会氛围的形成，加之农村居民的主人翁意识和危机意识普遍不高，积极参与保障农村饮用水安全的程度较低，而农村饮用水安全保护的监管力量还很薄弱，，这些因素的存在都不利于我国农村饮用水安全问题的全面解决。当前，我国已经建立了饮用水安全保障法律制度的基本框架，但是，从具体法律制度来看，我国农村饮用水安全的保障并没有在真正意义上实现法定化。我国现行的农村饮用水安全保障法制体系还存在着诸多不健全、不完善、不协调的问题。由于我国城乡差别较大，农村饮用水安全保护应具有特殊性，从我国农业大国的特点出发，建立健全适合我国国情的农村饮用水安全保障法制体系。从法律运行的角度，加强农村饮用水安全全方位的法律保护，主要包括：制定与当前社会经济发展水平相适应的农村饮用水安全法律法规；加大法律的惩处力度，追究法律责任更多的应该以刑事责任和刑事制裁为最后的保障，改变环保执法“两高一低”的不正常现象，为保护农村饮用水安全提供强有力的保证；进行司法体制改革和创新，构建农村环境公益诉讼制度来弥补司法救济的空白，增强公众参与意识，提高农村居民的主人翁意识和维权意识；进一步发挥法律监督尤其是舆论监督的作用，不断完善国家的法律监督体系。其中，维护健康的淡水生态系统是实现饮用水安全可持续的有力保障，而水源地的保护则是保障农村饮用水安全的关键所在。农村饮用水安全问题是一个十分重要的问题，关系到农村居民的安居乐业，关系到社会的安定和谐、小康社会的实现，只有全社会共同努力，从政策、法律等多方面，采取不同措施以保障农村饮用水的安全，才能实现温家宝总理对全国人民的庄严承诺：“让全国人民喝上放心水”。
[Abstract]:Water is the source of life and the material basis of human survival. To obtain safe drinking water is the basic requirement of human beings. In recent years, the country attaches great importance to the safety of drinking water, especially the safety of drinking water in rural areas. However, at present, there are still 170 million rural people in our country that have not solved the problem of drinking water safety. The main problems existing in water safety are: poor sanitary conditions, lack of basic sewage discharge and waste disposal system in rural areas, poor drinking water treatment equipment, low concentration of water supply rate, irrational use of pesticide and chemical fertilizer, agricultural non-point source pollution, rural residents drinking high fluoride water, high arsenic water, bitter salt water and so on. In order to avoid the social legal responsibility, reduce the cost, build the sewage outlet in the countryside or directly build the factory, the economic development level of the rural areas is low, the residents' awareness of environmental protection is weak, and the protection of water source and groundwater is weak in rural areas. Water safety is a part of water security, which directly threatens the life and health of people and the stability and harmony of the society. On the other hand, the problem of drinking water safety in rural areas is not conducive to the implementation of the human rights of rural residents, and is contrary to the concept of social equity, which is hinders from the construction of new socialist rural villages and the realization of a well-off society.
At present, the existing laws and regulations in China and the normative legal documents have played a positive role in protecting the safety of rural drinking water. However, there are no special laws and regulations on drinking water safety in rural areas. Even the legislation of drinking water safety, there are also problems of poor operability and feasibility: the safety of rural drinking water. There is a lack of special provisions for the protection of the resources; there is a legislative gap in the solution of the problem of water shortage; the lack of laws and regulations supporting the prevention and control of agricultural non-point sources and waste pollution; the small centralized water intake and decentralized water quality monitoring system in rural areas have not been established; the protection of drinking water sources, especially the daily dynamic management system of water sources, The legislative blank of the pollution source dynamic file system and the emergency treatment system. The legislative blank of the relevant laws and regulations has made the protection of the safety of rural drinking water safe from the law, seriously affecting the protection of the safety of rural drinking water, and discounting the actual effect of the law enforcement. At present, the environmental protection law enforcement has a high cost of law-abiding and law enforcement. The phenomenon of high and low illegal costs has seriously weakened the authority of the law and the prestige of the government, especially in the vast rural areas. Because of the inability to punish the illegal acts, a large number of enterprises have "transferred" the pollution to the rural areas in order to avoid the social legal responsibility they should bear. Although the judiciary is the last one to guarantee the implementation of the law. But the judicial system in our country does not reflect the characteristics of the large agricultural country, and the judicial power to protect the safety of rural drinking water is not balanced. It is often the concern of the relevant departments after the large-scale group events. The above factors are not conducive to the formation of the social atmosphere of the conscious law and the rural residents. The consciousness of owner and crisis consciousness are generally not high, the degree of active participation in ensuring the safety of drinking water in rural areas is low, and the supervision force of rural drinking water safety protection is still very weak. The existence of these factors is not conducive to the comprehensive solution of the problem of drinking water safety in rural areas of China.
At present, China has established the basic framework of the legal system for the safety and security of drinking water. However, from the specific legal system, the security of rural drinking water security in our country has not been realized in a real sense. There are many unsound, imperfect and uncoordinated questions in the current rural drinking water safety guarantee system in China. Due to the large difference in urban and rural areas in China, the safety and protection of rural drinking water should be special. Starting from the characteristics of our country's agricultural country, we should establish and improve the legal system for the safety and security of rural drinking water suitable for the national conditions of our country. From the angle of law operation, strengthen the comprehensive legal protection of the rural drinking water security, including the formulation and the present. The laws and regulations on the safety of rural drinking water adapt to the level of social and economic development, the punishment of increasing the law and the final guarantee of criminal responsibility and criminal sanction, the abnormal phenomenon of "two highs and one low" in environmental protection law enforcement will be changed, and a strong guarantee for the protection of the safety of drinking water in rural villages is provided. In order to make up the reform and innovation of the judicial system, construct the rural environmental public interest litigation system to make up the blank of the judicial relief, strengthen the public participation consciousness, improve the consciousness and the consciousness of the rights of the rural residents, and improve the legal supervision, especially the supervision of public opinion, and constantly improve the legal supervision system of the state. Freshwater ecosystem is a powerful guarantee for the sustainable and sustainable development of drinking water. The protection of water sources is the key to ensuring the safety of drinking water in rural areas.
The safety of drinking water in rural areas is a very important issue. It is related to the peace and happiness of the rural residents, the stability and harmony of the society, the realization of a well-off society, and the joint efforts of the whole society. Different measures are taken to ensure the safety of drinking water in rural areas from various aspects, such as policies and laws, in order to realize Prime Minister Wen Jiabao to the people of the whole country. Solemn promise: "let the whole nation drink safe water".
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：R123.1

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